Mod 2 - ATM Flashcards
you gotta know your shit 100% (117 cards)
1
Q
What are the different air traffic services?
A
ATC
FIS
ALRS
(ADVS)
2
Q
What services does an aerodrome unit provide?
A
ATC
FIS
ALRS
3
Q
To who does an aerodrome provide its services to?
A
To AC flying with visual reference to the surface in, and in the vicinity of, the ATZ and operating on the manoeuvring area
4
Q
Can an ADC be combined with an APP temporarily or permanently?
A
Both
5
Q
What positions could the tasks in TWR be divided into?
A
Aerodrome Controller
Ground Controller
Clearance Delivery Position
6
Q
What is the area of responsibilty for the position ‘Aerodrome Controller’ in a TWR?
A
+ RWY
+ AC flying in ATZ
7
Q
What is the area of responsibilty for the position ‘Ground Controller’ in a TWR?
A
+ traffic on manoeuvring area with exception of RWY
8
Q
What is the area of responsibilty for the position ‘Clearance Delivery Position’ in a TWR?
A
+ delivery of start-up and clearances for departing IFR flights
9
Q
When shall control of flights NOT be divided between an ADC and APP unit?
A
For flights which are provided with an aerodrome service only
10
Q
When shall control be transferred from an APP to an ADC unit?
A
+ When AC is in the vicinity of the AD and it is considered that approach and landing will be completed with visual reference to the ground OR when the AC has reached uninterrupted visual met conditions
+ when AC is at prescribed point/level
+ when AC has landed
11
Q
When shall control be transferred form an ADC to APP unit?
A
+ when VMC prevails in the vicinity prior to the time the AC leaves the vicinity OR prior to AC entering IMC OR when AC is at prescribed point/level
+ when IMC prevails at aerodrome immediately after AC is airborne OR when AC is at prescribed point/level
12
Q
At what point/level/time should the transfer of comms be effected? (APP > ADC)
A
So that clearance to land or alternate instructions as well as information on essential local traffic can be issued in a timely manner
13
Q
Do some military aeronautical ops necessitate non-compliance with certain air traffic procedures ?
A
YES
14
Q
How is the safety of flight ops ensured when MIL and CIV traffic interact on a specific occasion?
A
The appropriate military authorities shall be asked to notify the proper ATSU prior to undertaking any manoeuvres whenever practical
15
Q
When shall a reduction of separation minima, required by military necessity, be accepted by an ATSU?
A
When a specific request in some recorded form has been obtained from the authority having jurisdiction over the AC concerned
16
Q
When a specific request in some recorded form has been obtained from the authority having jurisdiction over AC concerned regarding a reduction of separation minima required by military necessity and this request has been accepted - who shall the agreed lower minima apply to?
A
Only to AC concerned\from the request/in the agreement
17
Q
What must an ATSU issue when they accepted a specific request relating to reduced separation minima relating to the military?
A
They must issue some recorded form of instructions fully covering this reduction of separation minima
18
Q
What two types of airspace reservation exist?
A
Stationary and mobile
19
Q
When may an airspace reservation be established ?
A
For the use of large formation flights or other military operations
20
Q
How shall an arrangement for an airspace reservation be accomplished?
A
It shall be accomplished by coordination between the user and the appropriate ATS authority
21
Q
What shall an ATSU do on receipt of a notification of an intended flight of unmanned free balloons ?
A
The ATSU shall arrange for the information to be disseminated to all concerned
22
Q
What shall the information include that an ATSU disseminates to all concerned parties on unmanned free balloons?
A
\+ balloon flight ident/project code name \+ balloon classification&description \+ SSR code if applicable \+ the launch site \+ est. time of start/period of ops \+ expected direction of ascent \+ the est. elapsed time to pass 60000ft PA OR to reach cruising level if at/below 60000ft together with est. location
23
Q
What shall information messages include?
A
\+ traffic information \+ essential local traffic information \+ met information \+ operation of aerodrome facilities \+ air traffic incident report
24
Q
What three types of TWY are there?
A
+ aircraft stand taxilane,
+ apron taxiway,
+ rapid exit taxiway
25
What types of RWY are there and or what type of operation are they used for?
+ Instrument RWY (NPA and PA ops)
| + Non Instrument RWY (visual approaches)
26
What are the types of information that can be passed to aerodrome Traffic?
- Essential Local Traffic Information
- Essential Aerodrome Information
- Meteorological Information
27
When and to who should Essential Aerodrome Information be passed and what are the exceptions?
- Essential Aerodrome Information shall be passed to every AC, except when it is known that the AC has already received all or part of the information from other sources.
- The information shall be passed in sufficient time for the AC to make proper use of it, and the hazards shall be identified as distinctly as possible.
28
Essential Aerodrome Information on AD conditions shall include information on what?
- Construction or maintenance work on, or immediately adjacent to the movement area.
- Rough or broken surfaces on a RWY, TWY or apron, whether marked or not.
- Snow, slush or ice on a RWY, TWY or apron.
- Water on a RWY, TWY or apron.
- Snow banks or drifts adjacent to a RWY, TWY or apron.
- Other temporary hazards, including parked AC and birds on the ground or in the air.
29
How is the PCN (Pavement classification number) of a RWY expressed?
Expressed as a five-part code
1. Load carrying capacity (numerical value)
2. R for Rigid or F for Flexible
3. strength from strongest A to D (weakest)
4. max. tyre pressure W (unlimited pressure) to Z
5. how first value was worked out T=technical evaluation U=usage(physical testing)
30
How is the ACN (AC classification number) expressed?
+ single unique number expressing relative effect of AC on specific pavement
31
How is the braking action on a RWY measured?
- The RWY is divided into 3 sections (ABC)
- Section A begins always on the RWY with the lowest RWY number
- The braking action is measured on both sides of the centreline
- The report is always transmitted to the pilot in the direction of landing or departure.
32
What is to be included when transmitting the braking coefficients to AC?
The time of observation shall be stated, along with the reported figures of the braking coefficients or the estimated braking action in the direction of landing.
33
How do airport operators intend to prepare RWYs to maintain max. friction for braking and minimise hydroplaning following heavy rain?
The pavement surface is usually grooved so that the surface waterfilm flows into the grooves and the peaks will still be in contact with the tyres
34
What is a RWY shoulder?
On both sides of the RWY. With some large aircraft the wing-mounted engines may overhang the RWY edge and there is then a risk of jet blast eroding the surface adjacent to the runway. RWY shoulders should be provided unless the RWY width is 60 m or more.
35
What is a CWY?
+ Rectangular area beginning at the end of the T/O run available and is free of obstacles
+ extends 75m either side of the RWY centerline
+ max. upward gradient 1.25%
+ shall not exceed 50% of TORA
36
Concerning lighting - what do RWYs licensed for night use have?
+ RWY edge lights
| + RWY threshold and end lights
37
Concerning lighting - what do RWYs licensed for LVPs have?
+ RWY centreline lighting
| + TDZ lighting
38
What are the most common RWY markings and what colour are they?
- White
- RWY designator
- RWY centreline
- Threshold
- Fixed distance (aiming point)
- TDZ
- RWY side strip
39
Why may displaced threshold markings differ?
Can either be a temporarily displaced or permanently displaced threshold.
40
What are the most common TWY markings and what colour are they?
- Yellow
- TWY centreline
- CAT I holding point
- CAT II/III holding point
- Enhanced TWY centreline
- Intermediate holding position
41
Describe Mandatory Signs
- White characters on red background
- Located alongside the appropriate surface markings
- Identify the holding position as well as indicate the direction in which the holding instruction applies
- Pilots should not proceed beyond unless directed by ATC
42
Describe Information Signs
- Location Signs = Yellow characters on black background, with yellow border
- Location signs are used to identify TWYs and where necessary, RWYs, such as at complicated intersections
- Direction and Destination Signs = Black characters on yellow background
- Direction and Destination signs consist of a route or destination label accompanied with an arrow pointing in the appropriate direction.
43
What colour is RWY edge lighting usually?
White
44
On ILS equipped RWYs without centreline lighting - what additional edge lighting may exist?
Caution Zone lighting
+ yellow
+ on the upwind 600m or one third of the lighted
45
When pre-threshold area is available for T/O - what colour do the pre-threshold lights show for approach?
Red
46
What lights may replace or supplement edge lights at an exit?
RWY Exit Lighting
+ blue
+ one or two omni-directional lights
+ indicate an exit TWY
47
How is a declared SWY delineated ?
+ red edge and end lighting
48
What indicates the start of the LDA?
Green RWY threshold lighting which may include green threshold wing bars
49
What is an Aerodrome Obstacle?
An obstacle located on an area intended for the surface movement of an AC or that extends above a defined surface intended to protect AC in flight.
50
How are Aerodrome Obstacles marked?
-Where fixed obstacles that are insufficiently conspicuous by day, they are normally marked by either alternating bands or by a chequered pattern of red or orange and white
51
What colour are frequently employed vehicles and other mobile equipment on the movement area painted?
-Yellow
52
How are unusable and unserviceable areas marked?
- Unusable or closed RWYs and TWYs shall be marked be white or yellow crosses
- Unusable paved surfaces next to a RWY or TWY shall be marked with yellow chevrons
53
At what ADs would an AD Beacon be provided?
-At ADs that operate at night and where the level of background lighting, the surrounding terrain, the proximity of other aerodromes or the lack of navigation aids would make the aerodrome difficult to locate or to identify.
54
What marks the extremity of the RWY that is available for manoeuvring ?
Red RWY end lighting
55
Where are stop bars provided?
Stop bars are provided at entrances to runways, e.g. Holding positions, and may also be provided at taxiway intersections and at other locations.
56
How is the distance to the end of the RWY indicated to the pilot?
+ The centreline lighting is colour coded
+ White lighting extends from the threshold to 900m from RWY end
+ the next 600m is lit with alternate white/red
+ final 300m is lit red
57
How do the PAPIs indicate that you are ABOVE GP?
4 white
58
How do the PAPIs indicate that you are SLIGHTLY ABOVE GP?
3 whites and 1 (inner) red
59
How do the PAPIs indicate that you are ON GP?
2 whites, 2 reds
60
How do the PAPIs indicate that you are SLIGHTLY BELOW GP?
1 (outer) white and 3 reds
61
How do the PAPIs indicate that you are BELOW GP?
4 reds
62
For what categories is TDZ lighting provided?
CAT II and III
63
How is TDZ lighting displayed?
+ consists of two rows of white barrettes
+ provides textural cues in the TD area
+ extends from the threshold either 900m or to the midpoint of the RWY whichever is less
64
Describe a simple approach lighting system and the lighting colour.
- Based on the centerline and cross bar concept
- Normally commence 500m prior to the RWY threshold
- Except where red side barettes are used, the approach lighting in white.
65
What additional approach lighting is included at an AD where CAT II and III are conducted?
-Supplementary Approach Lighting consisting of centreline barrettes and two rows of red side barrettes are normally installed in order to provide the pilot with enhanced visual cues over the last 300 m of the approach
66
What provides pilots with distance to go info on nearest rapid exit and how does it indicate this distance?
+ Rapid Exit TWY Indicator Lights
+ consist of 6 yellow lights adjacent to the RWY centreline and configures in a three two one pattern spaced 100m apart
+ the single light is 100m from the start of the turn for the rapid exit
67
What is beneficial about rapid exit TWY indicator lights?
+ enhanced situational awareness in low vis conditions
| + enables pilots to apply braking action for more efficient roll-out and RWY exit speeds
68
How is TWY lighting usually displayed?
+ TWY edge lights are blue
| + also edge of aprons, turning and holding areas are normally marked by blue lighting
69
What are TWYs on aerodromes approved for LVPs equipped with?
Green centreline lighting
70
At what ADs are Stop Bars and Lead-On lights provided?
At ADs authorised for LVPs
71
How are Stop-Bars and Lead-On lights displayed?
+ stop bar consist of a red (when lit) row across the TWY at right angles to centreline
+ Lead-On lights form part of the TWY centreline lighting
+ Lead-On lights are interlinked with with the stop bar so that when the stop bar is 'on' the green centreline beyond the stop bar is 'off' and vice versa
72
What are RWY guard lights?
Runway Guard Lights are pairs of alternately flashing yellow lights, one pair located on each side of the taxiway and provide a warning of the close proximity of the runway.
73
How is the aerodrome lighting system backed up?
The aerodrome lighting system shall be connected to different and separate circuits of the main power supply.
74
What are the switch over times from main power supply to secondary power supply?
+ Approach lights, RWY lights and major TWY lights max. 15 seconds
+ Approach lights for CAT II/III max. 1 second
75
When shall all aeronautical ground lights be operated?
- Continuously during the hours of darkness
- At any other time when their use, based on met conditions, is considered desirable for the safety of air traffic
- At ADs equipped with lights of variable intensity, a table of intensity settings, based on vis and ambient light, should be provided for guidance in adjusting these lights to suit the prevailing conditions
76
When shall the PAPIs be illuminated?
Irrespective of the prevailing vis, PAPIs shall be illuminated during both day and night whenever the associated RWY is being used
77
When shall RWY lighting not be operated and what are the exceptions?
RWY lighting shall not be operated if that RWY is not in use for landing, take off or taxiing purposes, unless required for RWY inspections or maintenance
78
When shall approach lighting be operated?
Approach lighting shall also be operated by day when the associated RWY lighting is operated or when requested by an approaching AC
79
When shall stopway lights be operated?
- Stopway lights shall be operated whenever the associated RWY lights are operated
- Stop bars shall be switched on to indicate that all traffic shall stop and switched off to indicate that traffic may proceed
80
How many AC can ACAS track and within what range for Mode A/C and Mode S equipped AC?
- Mode A/C = 30 AC within 14NM
| - Mode S = 30 AC within 30NM
81
What symbol on the ACAS cockpit display indicates other traffic whose altitude is unknown?
-White or cyan unfilled diamond
82
What symbol on the ACAS cockpit display indicates proximate traffic?
-White or cyan filled diamond
83
What symbol on the ACAS cockpit display indicates a TA?
-Yellow filled circle
84
What symbol on the ACAS cockpit display indicates a RA?
-Red filled square
85
How much warning time before an assumed collision will a TA warning be received?
-Typically 45 seconds
86
How much warning time before an assumed collision will a RA warning be received?
-Typically 30 seconds
87
If a conflicting AC is not reporting altitude, what advisory warning will be issued?
-TA
88
What is the Type A approach MDA/H?
-At or above 250'
89
What are the Type B approach categories and their associated lowest operating minimas?
- Cat I - DH not lower than 200', RVR not less than 550m, or vis not less than 800m
- Cat II - DH lower than 200', but no lower than 100', RVR not less than 300m
- Cat IIIA - DH lower than 100', or no DH, RVR not less than 175m
- Cat IIIB - DH lower than 50', or no DH, RVR less than 175m but not less than 50m
- Cat IIIC - No DH, no RVR limitiations
90
Within what conditions would low visibility procedures be introduced?
-Whenever conditions are such that all or part of the manoeuvring area cannot be visually monitored from the Control Tower
91
If traffic needs to operate on the manoeuvring area during LVOps, what conditions shall apply?
- At the intersections of TWYs, AC or vehicles shall not be permitted to hold closer to another TWY than the holding position limit, defined by a clearance bar, stop bar or TWY intersection marking
- Longitudinal separation on TWYs shall be specified for each AD by the appropriate ATS authority after taking into account the aids available for surveillance and control of ground traffic, the complexity of the AD layout and the characteristics of the AC using the AD.
92
What factors need to be considered when operating under LVPs with regards to vehicles and personnel on the manoeuvring area?
- All drivers/personnel authorised to operate on the movement area are adequately trained
- The point at which LVPs come into operation must be well defined
- A record is maintained of persons/vehicles on the manoeuvring area
- All non essential vehicles/personnel must be withdrawn from the manoeuvring area
- Essential vehicles permitted to enter the manoeuvring area must be kept to a minimum and must be in RTF communication with ATC.
93
What additional factors need to be considered before LVPs can commence?
- All unguarded gated entrances to the movement area are to be locked and inspected at regular intervals
- Airlines and other organisations with movement area access are alerted of the introduction of LVPs
- All non essential personnel on the movement area are to be withdrawn
- Appropriate emergency procedures must be developed to allow RFF to respond quickly to an emergency situation during low vis.
94
What needs to be considered regarding TWYs and RWY access during LVPs?
- RWY access TWYs that are not essential for access to or from an active RWY may be closed. This can be by using taxi holding position lights, traffic control lights, red stop bars or by using unserviceability markers
- The TWY routes to and from the RWY may be limited and these should be identified marked and published for the use of AC operators.
95
Where would information regarding the specific RVR/cloud base at which LVPs should be implemented be stated?
-The relevant unit MATS Pt 2
96
What is the procedure for establishing Cat II and III operations in RVR conditions below 550m?
- The appropriate authority shall establish provisions applicable to the start and continuation of PAs, as well as departure ops
- Low vis ops shall be initiated by, or through, the aerodrome control tower
- The AD control tower shall inform the approach control unit when Cat II/III PA procedures and low vis ops will be applied/and when procedures are no longer in force.
97
CAT II/III operations require special procedures for the control of traffic on the manoeuvring area. What do these include?
- The RWY holding positions to be used
- The minimum distance between arriving and departing AC to ensure protection of the sensitive and critical areas
- Procedures to verify that AC and vehicles have vacated the RWY
- Procedures applicable to the separation of AC and vehicles
- Applicable spacing between successive approaching AC
- Actions to be taken in the event LVPs need to be discontinued (eqpt failure etc)
- Any other relevant procedures or requirements.
98
Who may suspend VFR operations on and in the vicinity of an AD?
- The approach control unit or appropriate ACC
- The AD control tower
- The appropriate ATS authority
99
All suspensions of VFR operations shall be accomplished through, or notified to, the aerodrome control tower. ADC shall also do what?
- Hold all VFR deps
- Recall all local VFR flights or obtain approval for SVFR operations
- Notify the approach control unit or ACC, as appropriate
- If necessary or requested, notify all operators or their designated representatives of the reason for such action
100
When may SVFR flights be authorised?
-When traffic conditions permit, subject to the approval of the unit providing approach control servive
101
What flights shall be separated during SVFR operations?
- All IFR and SVFR
| - All SVFR
102
When the ground vis is not less than 1500m, what may SVFR flights be authorised to do?
- Enter a CTR for the purpose of landing and departure
- Depart from a CTR
- Cross a CTR
- Operate locally within a CTR
103
In the event the AD controller, after a take-off clearance or a landing clearance has been issued, becomes aware of a runway incursion or the imminent occurrence thereof, or the existence of any obstruction on or in close proximity to the runway likely to impair the safety of an aircraft taking off or landing, what action shall be taken?
- Cancel the take-off clearance for a departing aircraft
- Instruct a landing aircraft to execute a go-around or missed approach;
- In all cases inform the aircraft of the runway incursion or obstruction and its location in relation to the runway
104
Under what circumstances should an AC making a radar approach be advised to consider executing a missed approach?
- When the AC reaches a position from which it appears that a successful approach cannot be completed
- If the AC is not visible on the situation display for any significant interval during the final 2NM (4km) of the approach
- If the position or ident of the AC is in doubt during any portion of the approach
- In all cases the reason for the instruction or advice should be given to the pilot.
105
What is allowed if an obstruction is within Zone 1?
- No approach clearance
| - Take off allowed away from obstruction only
106
What is allowed if an obstruction is within Zone 2?
- OCA increased by 200' for an ILS approach
- OCA increased by 300' for a NPA
- Take off allowed
107
What is allowed if an obstruction is within Zone 3 - Departure surface?
- No approach clearance
| - No take off
108
What is allowed if an obstruction is within Zone 3 - Approach surface?
- No approach clearance
| - Take off away from obstruction only
109
What are obstacles in the protection zone defined as?
- Obstructions during construction work, normally planned well ahead or possible restrictions can be foreseen
- Suddenly occurring temporary obstructions may require immediate action
110
How can the required obstacle clearance be achieved with an obstruction within the protection zone?
- Shortening the RWY by a displaced threshold
| - Zones 1 2 and 3 will be recalculated
111
If a displaced threshold is established due to an obstruction, what are pilots to be informed about?
- Type and position of the obstruction
- Details about the reduced RWY length
- Change in OCA
112
What are the most common types of RWY incursion?
- Departing AC enters RWY contrary to ATC clearance
- AC crosses a RWY after landing, contrary to ATC clearance
- ATC issue taxi clearance in conflict with another AC clearance
- ATC clear something onto a RWY in error, or due to misjudgement
- Towed AC crosses a RWY contrary to ATC clearance
113
How could an ATCO induced situation contribute to a RWY incursion?
- Poor vis may hinder ATCO's judgement
- Not verifying the read back
- Losing traffic situation or misjudging (or assuming) the location of the AC or vehicle
114
How could a flight crew induced situation contribute to a RWY incursion?
-Disorientation, especially at an unfamiliar airport
115
How could a driver related situation contribute to a RWY incursion?
- Lack of sensitisation
- Lack of training
- Loss of position
116
List RWY incursion contributory factors
- Poor vis
- AD design
- Conditional clearances
- Simultaneous use of intersecting RWYs
- Late issue of or late changes to departure clearances
- Use of non standard phraseology
- Concurrent use of more than one language for ATC comms
- English language competance
- ATC and pilot workload
117
What measures can be taken to reduce RWY incursions?
- Use of standard phraseology
- Maintaining situational awareness by the tower controllers, of AC and vehicle movements near to active RWYs
- Maintaining situational awareness by flight crews and others using the manoeuvring area
- Presence of ICAO standard RWY markings and TWY surface markings and signs
- Identification of hot spots
- Training for airside vehicle drivers
