MOD

Question 0

Define hypoxaemic

Answer 0

Low arterial O2 content

Question 1

Define hypoxia

Answer 1

Lack of O2 supply

Question 2

Define anaemic

Answer 2

Decreased Hb O2 carrying ability.

Question 3

Define ischaemia

Answer 3

Interruption to blood flow

Question 4

Define histiocytic

Answer 4

O2 usage inability due to faulty oxidative phosphorylation enzymes.

Question 5

Define oncosis

Answer 5

Cell death with associated swelling.

Question 6

Define pyknosis (morphology)

Answer 6

Compaction of nucleus

Question 7

Define karyorrhexis (morphology)

Answer 7

Nuclear material breakdown

Question 8

Define Karyolysis (morphology)

Answer 8

Nucleus no longer present

Question 9

Define necrosis

Answer 9

Cell death

Question 10

Name the 5 types of necrosis

Answer 10

Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat, Ischaemic

Question 11

Define apoptosis

Answer 11

Programmed cell death that requires energy.

Question 12

Give the 3 substances that are considered abnormal in cellular accumulation.

Answer 12

Lipids
Proteins
Pigments

Question 13

Define dystrophic calcification

Answer 13

No abnormality in calcium metabolism or serum calcium.

Causes organ disfunction.

Question 14

Define metastatic calcification.

Answer 14

Hypercalcaemia leading to abnormal calcium deposition. Asymptomatic.

Question 15

4 effects of chronic excessive alcohol intake.

Answer 15

Metabolic tolerance
Fatty change
Acute alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis

Question 16

How many days until liver necrosis after paracetamol overdose?

Answer 16

3-5 days

Question 17

4 stages of neutrophil infiltration

Answer 17

Margination, Rolling, Adhesion and Emigration

Question 18

Define acute inflammation

Answer 18

Response of living tissue to injury in order to limit damage.

Question 19

Define chronic inflammation

Answer 19

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis.

Question 20

Define thrombosis

Answer 20

Formation of solid blood mass in circulatory system.

Question 21

What is Virchows triad?

Answer 21

Thrombosis caused by combination of vessel type, blood flow and blood components.

Question 22

Define embolism

Answer 22

Blockage of blood vessel by solid liquid or gas at distant site to the origin.

Question 23

Define atheroma

Answer 23

Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipid in the intima and media of large and medium sized arteries.

Question 24

Define atherosclerosis

Answer 24

The thickening and hardening of arterial walls as a consequence of atheroma.

Question 25

Define arteriosclerosis

Answer 25

Thickening of walls of arteries and arterioles usually as a result of hypertension of diabetes mellitus.

Question 26

Give the difference between a simple and complicated plaque.

Answer 26

Raised yellow/white with irregular outline (simple). | Thrombosis, Haemorrhage, Calcification and Aneurism (complicated).

Question 27

4 cellular effects of signalling.

Answer 27

Survive, Divide, Differentiate or Die.

Question 28

Define regeneration

Answer 28

Cells multiply to replace losses

Question 29

Define hyperplasia

Answer 29

Cells increase in number above normal

Question 30

Define hypertrophy

Answer 30

Cells increase in size

Question 31

Define atrophy

Answer 31

Cells become smaller

Question 32

Define metaplasia

Answer 32

Cells replaced by cells of a different type.

Question 33

Define aplasia

Answer 33

Complete failure of a tissue or organ to develop

Question 34

Define hypoplasia

Answer 34

Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ at embryonic stage due to inadequate number of cells.

Question 35

Define atresia

Answer 35

Body orifice is abnormally closed or absent

Question 36

Define dysplasia

Answer 36

Change in cell or tissue phenotype

Question 37

Define Neoplasm

Answer 37

Abnormal growth that persists after stimulus removal.

Question 38

Define Malignant Neoplasm

Answer 38

Abnormal growth that persists after stimulus removal and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites.

Question 39

Define tumour

Answer 39

A clinically detectable lump or swelling

Question 40

Define cancer

Answer 40

Any malignant neoplasm

Question 41

Define metastasis

Answer 41

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site.

Question 42

Define primary site

Answer 42

Original site of a metastasis

Question 43

Define secondary site

Answer 43

The place to which the metastasis has spread

Question 44

Define dysplasia

Answer 44

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation.

Question 45

What is the difference between neoplasm and dyplasia?

Answer 45

Dysplasia is reversible and pre-neoplastic. | Neoplasm is irreversible.

Question 46

Define anaplastic

Answer 46

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue are called anaplastic.

Question 47

Define initiator

Answer 47

Mutagenic agents that cause mutations

Question 48

Define promoter

Answer 48

Cause cell proliferation

Question 49

Define progression

Answer 49

Accumulation of mutations within a neoplasm

Question 50

Define lyonisation

Answer 50

Random inactivation of one allele of a gene

Question 51

Define Shock

Answer 51

Clinical syndrome of circulatory failure