CVS

Question 0

Maximum blood flow during exercise

Answer 0

25 l/min

Question 1

Minimum blood flow

Answer 1

5 l/min

Question 2

What are the Venae Comitantes

Answer 2

3 vessels (2v 1a) wrapped in one sheath.
Pulsing of artery promotes venous return.

Question 3

3 examples of venae comitantes

Answer 3

Brachial, Ulnar, Tibial

Question 4

What is pericarditis?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the pericardium.

Rubbing sound on auscultation.

Question 5

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 5

Accumulation of fluid that compresses the heart.

Right cardiac hypertension.

Question 6

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

Answer 6

Relaxation of ventricles when all valves closed.

Question 7

What is rapid filling phase?

Answer 7

Opening of AV valves so high pressure blood in atrium enters into ventricle.

Question 8

What is isovolumetric contraction?

Answer 8

Contraction when all valves closed. This causes a massive increase in ventricular pressure.

Question 9

What is the rapid ejection phase?

Answer 9

Outflow valves open and isovolumetric contraction ended.

Question 10

What is splitting?

Answer 10

Valves do not close at the same time.

Question 11

What is stenosis?

Answer 11

Narrowed valve.

Question 12

What is incompetence?

Answer 12

Valve not closing correctly.

Question 13

What is acyanotic congenital heart defect?

Answer 13

Shunting of blood from left to right (oxygenated).

Question 14

What is cyanotic congenital heart defect?

Answer 14

Deoxygenated blood shunted from right to left side of the heart. Deoxy blood enters circulation.

Question 15

What are chromaffin cells?

Answer 15

Receive ACh and release adrenaline into blood stream. Found in adrenal medulla.

Question 16

Define flow

Answer 16

Volume of fluid passing given point per unit time

Question 17

Define velocity

Answer 17

Rate of movement of fluid particles along tube.

Question 18

At fixed flow what is the relationship between velocity and cross sectional area?

Answer 18

Inversely proportional

Question 19

With fixed pressure, what is the relationship between velocity and cross sectional area?

Answer 19

Directly proportional

Question 20

With fixed pressure, what is the relationship between velocity and viscosity?

Answer 20

Inversely proportional

Question 21

Mean velocity x cross sectional area = ?

Answer 21

Flow

Question 22

Flow x Resistance = ?

Answer 22

Pressure

Question 23

How is overall resistance calculated in series?

Answer 23

R1 + R2

Question 24

How is overall resistance calculated in parallel?

Answer 24

(R1 x R2)/(R1 + R2)

Question 25

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 25

Systolic - Diastolic

Question 26

How is average pressure calculated?

Answer 26

Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

Question 27

Define stroke volume

Answer 27

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

Question 28

Define contractility

Answer 28

Slope of Starling Curve

Question 29

What is the relationship between TPR and the body's need for blood?

Answer 29

Inversely proportional

Question 30

Normal pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 30

12-15 mmHg

Question 31

Normal pulmonary capillary pressure

Answer 31

9-12 mmHg

Question 32

Pulmonary vein pressure

Answer 32

5 mmHg

Question 33

Optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio

Answer 33

0.8

Question 34

Effect of hydrostatic pressure in Starling's Forces

Answer 34

Push fluid out of vessel and into interstitial fluid.

Question 35

Effect of oncotic pressure in Starling's forces.

Answer 35

Large molecules in blood draw fluid into vessel.

Question 36

Describe the effect of myogenic autoregulation

Answer 36

Increased BP causes vasoconstriction (vice versa). | In cerebral circulation.

Question 37

Describe the effects of metabolic concentrations in cerebral circulation.

Answer 37

Hypercapnia causes vasodilation (hypo causes constriction).

Question 38

Describe the effects of hyperventilation concerning cerebral circulation.

Answer 38

Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. This employs cerebral vasoconstriction leading to dizziness or fainting.

Question 39

What is Cushing's Reflex?

Answer 39

Rigid cranium prevents brain expansion. Impaired blood flow to vasomotor control regions causes increase in arterial BP to maintain cerebral blood flow.

Question 40

Action of Class I arrhythmia drugs

Answer 40

Block open or inactivated Na+ voltage-gated channels

Question 41

Action of Class II arrhythmia drugs

Answer 41

β-adrenoreceptor antagonists

Question 42

Action of Class III arrhythmia drugs

Answer 42

Blocks K+ channels

Question 43

Action of Class IV arrhythmia drugs

Answer 43

Block Ca2+ channels

Question 44

Action of adenosine in arrhythmia

Answer 44

α 1 Receptor agonist

Question 45

Define heart failure

Answer 45

Chronic failure of the heart to provide sufficient output to meet the body's requirements

Question 46

What does ACE stand for?

Answer 46

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

Question 47

Define central venous pressure

Answer 47

Pressure in the great veins

Question 48

Define venous return

Answer 48

Return of blood from the body