Mod 23-25 Flashcards
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The event may be two stimuli(as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences( as in operant conditioning)
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to links two or more stimuli and anticipate events
learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
behaviorism
the view that psychology 1-should be an objective science that 2-studies behavior with reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus(US) such as salivation when food is in the mother
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral(but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an uncoditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforces response
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditiooning experience is paried with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second(often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, and animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn taht a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone
extinction
the diminishing of conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus(US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus(CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
generalization
the tendency, one a response has een conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
discrimination
in classical conditioneing, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli(as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences( as in operant conditioning)
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
operant behavior
behavior that operates on teh environment, producing consequences
law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors folled by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
operant chamber
in operant conditioning research, a chamber(also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can minipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
reinforcer
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
negative reinforcement
increasing the behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response(not punishment)
