Mod 31-34

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing , remembering and communicating

Question 2

concept

Answer 2

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

a mental image or best example of a category. <atching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories(as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

Question 4

algorithm

Answer 4

a methodical, logial rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also mor error prone use of heuristics

Question 5

heuristics

Answer 5

a simple thinking strategy that often allows s to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

Question 6

insight

Answer 6

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions

Question 7

confirmation bias

Answer 7

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 8

fixation

Answer 8

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Question 9

mental set

Answer 9

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 10

functional fixedness

Answer 10

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Question 11

representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or mathc, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind(perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common

Question 13

overconfidence

Answer 13

the tendency to be more confident than correct to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Question 14

belief perseverance

Answer 14

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 15

intuition

Answer 15

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 16

framing

Answer 16

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 17

language

Answer 17

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 18

phoneme

Answer 18

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 19

morpheme

Answer 19

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word such as a prefix

Question 20

grammar

Answer 20

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 21

semantics

Answer 21

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language’ also the study of meaning

Question 22

syntax

Answer 22

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Question 23

babbling stage

Answer 23

beginning at about four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 24

one word stage

Answer 24

the stage in speech development from about age one to two during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 25

two word stage

Answer 25

beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements

Question 26

telegraphic speech

Answer 26

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-go car-using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 27

aphasia

Answer 27

impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernickes area

Question 28

linguistic determinism

Answer 28

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Question 29

intelligence test

Answer 29

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Question 30

intelligence

Answer 30

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Question 31

general intelligence(g)

Answer 31

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Question 32

factor analysis

Answer 32

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items(called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score

Question 33

savant syndrome

Answer 33

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Question 34

creativity

Answer 34

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 35

emotional intelligence

Answer 35

the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions

Question 36

mental age

Answer 36

a measure of intelligence test performance devised b Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance, Thus a child who does as well as the average 8 year old said to have a mental age of 8

Question 37

Stanford Binet

Answer 37

the widely used American revision by Terman at STandford of Binet's original intelligence test

Question 38

intelligence quotient(IQ)

Answer 38

defined originally as the ratio of mental age(ma) to chronological age(ca) multiplied by 100. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Question 39

achievement tests

Answer 39

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Question 40

aptitude tests

Answer 40

a test designed to predict a person' future performance, aptitude is the capacity to learn

Question 41

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS)

Answer 41

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance(nonverbal) subtests

Question 42

standardization

Answer 42

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Question 43

normal curve

Answer 43

the symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Question 44

reliability

Answer 44

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting

Question 45

validity

Answer 45

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to do

Question 46

content validity

Answer 46

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Question 47

predictive validity

Answer 47

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.(Also called criterion related validity

Question 48

intellectual disability

Answer 48

formerally referred to as mental retardation-a condition of limited mental abilited indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life' varies from mild to profound

Question 49

Down syndrome

Answer 49

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21