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yr11 biology > Mod 3 > Flashcards

Mod 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

species

A

largest group of organisms in which any two individual organisms of the opposite sex are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

genetic drift

A

random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population

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3
Q

speciation

A

population considered to be two distinct species

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4
Q

genetic variation

A

produces phenotype variation (physical characteristics)

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5
Q

Provide an example of genetic variation:

A

peppered moths and white moths

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6
Q

gene flow

A

created by migration of species as genetic variants enter and leave population leading to decrease in genetic variation between populations because genetic material is exchanged

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7
Q

natural selection

A

a process which acts of populations to maintain favourable traits and eliminate unfavourable traits

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8
Q

gene pool

A

total genetic material in a population

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9
Q

What does a change within the gene pool suggest?

A

evolution

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10
Q

*allopatric speciation

A

speciation caused by geographical isolation (barrier)
- preventing gene flow between populations
- causing genetic drift and speciation

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11
Q

What are some examples of geographical barriers/isolators?

A

mountains, water dams, rocks

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12
Q

Explain what speciation is

A

Formation of a new species once one population becomes so diverse that they are unable to interbreed and produce a viable and fertile offspring due to factors such as geographical isolation and behavioural and physiological changes

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13
Q

abiotic characteristics are:

A

the non-living components of the environment

e.g. sunlight/heat and water availability, temperature, soil pH

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14
Q

biotic factors:

A

living components of an ecosystem

e.g. food availability, mating availability, predation

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15
Q

use an example to explain the Olympic Village Effect

A
  • The cane toads that were more athletic gained more food which aided them in producing more fertile offspring
  • These athletics toads breed with each other and this is called the Olympic Village effect as they produce offspring with the favourable trait of speed (longer legs, more active)
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16
Q

changes in a population of organisms due to selection pressures over time

A
  • The cane toads in Australia are a “selective pressure”
  • arrival of cane toads removed some genetic traits from the predator population

e.g. red-bellied blacksnakes. evolved into having smaller heads to prevent themselves from preying on big and more dangerous toads.

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17
Q

what are structural adaptations

A

an organism’s internal and external anatomy

e.g. certain features, relative size
- eucalyptus and banksia and thick waxy cuticle
- large ears -> release more heat

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18
Q

what are physiological adaptations

A

biochemical and internal processes carried out by an organism

  • plants produce chemicals that are toxic to make them bitter or poisonous
  • spinifex hopping mouse -> absorb water from their urine back into bloodstream
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19
Q

behavioural adaptation

A

organisms perform in response to a stimulus

e.g. venus flytrap -> react quickly to insect to absorb nitrogen nutrients from insect
- bird song to attract mating partners or warn predators

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20
Q

Describe Darwin’s observations of the Galapagos Finches and discuss how these observations may have contributed to his theory of evolution

A
  • single group of finches from the mainland arrived, blown off course during migration
  • finches spread to different islands, all of which had different environments
  • exerted different selection pressures on the finches, meaning that different traits, such as beak length, were favoured on different islands
  • speciation occurred i.e. the finches on the different islands became different enough from one another to be considered different species
  • This process- a single species forming several as they evolve to fit empty ecological niches is called adaptive radiation

therefore the finches had evolved with different characteristics

21
Q

What does natural selection state

A
  • there is genetic variation within a population of species
  • with environmental change, different traits are favoured
  • favourable traits - survive
  • favourable trait becomes more prevalent in the population
  • survival of the fittest -> favourable trait population have more resources

therefore natural selection driven by mutation

22
Q

What is the bottleneck effect

A
  • when an initially large population is suddenly reduced in numbers such as by natural disaste
  • reduced size of population increases inbreeding and reduces variation within gene pool
23
Q

what is the founder effect

A
  • when a small group of individuals move away from larger population
  • increased interbreeding
  • decreased allele frequencies
  • small gene pool DOES NOT represent original gene pool
24
Q

what does speciation often depend on?

A

reducing or stopping gene flow

25
Q

What is the gradualism theory for evolution

A

proposes that speciation occurs relatively constant pace over time (linear line)

26
Q

what is the punctuated equilibrium theory for evolution

A
  • selection pressures remain constant, so that species are adapted to their environment -> species are undergoing little or no change, are at equilibrium
  • sudden change in the environment (selection pressure) leads to rapid change in a population - new favourable traits
27
Q

what are analogous structures

A

have the same function but no structural similarity

e.g. dolphin has skeleton and shark has cartilage

28
Q

divergent evolution

A

closely related species become more and more dissimilar

e.g. Darwin’s finches
- diversify into species due to different selection pressures by enivronments

29
Q

coevolution

A

two species evolve in response to changes in each other

e.g. flower and bee

30
Q

microevolution

A

change in allele frequency within single species or population
- due to: natural selection, sexual selection, genetic drift and gene flow

31
Q

Macroevolution

A

accumulation of microevolutionary changes that lead to speciation

32
Q

biochemical evidence

A

the amino acid sequence of proteins

  • cytochrome c and histones provide evidence for evolution due to being highly conserved
  • inherited from common ancestor
33
Q

pentadactyl limb

A

limb with five digits - homologous structures between many animals

34
Q

analogous structures

A

kkkkk

35
Q

vestigial structurees

A

important function for an ancestor but not in the modern organism

e.g. tail bone, whales hip bone

36
Q

comparative embryology

A
  • comparing species in the utero, similarities can be observed
  • indicates common ancestry and evidence of evolution
37
Q

biogeography

A

how and why organisms live where they do. used to study isolation or migration

38
Q

isolation

A

when a species is separated

39
Q

migration

A

when members of a species move

40
Q

what are fossils

A

remains of long-dead organism

e.g. trace fossil or impression fossils, petrification (conversation of organic materials to minerals)

41
Q

relative dating

A
  • law of superposition - cross section of sedimentary rock. older strata is below, young strata is above
  • only indicates order of geological events
42
Q

absolute dating

A

to know age of materials found

43
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

new generations inherit the gene from parent cell through random mutation

44
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

resistance genes are transferred directly between bacteria

45
Q

antibiotic resistance in terms of evolution by natural selection

A
  • variation within population of species
  • environmental changes
  • favourable trait becomes prevalent
46
Q

ecological niche

A

role of species in an ecosystem e.g. resources consumed, habitat occupied, interactions

47
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

only one species may occupy particular niche

48
Q

carrying capacity

A

birth equal death - equilibrium

49
Q

factors that affect abundance of predator prey distribution

A
  • reproduction rate
  • death rate
  • prey’s food availability
  • ecosystem size

yr11 biology (3 decks)

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