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yr11 biology > Mod 4 > Flashcards

Mod 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

non-living components

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2
Q

what are examples of abiotic factors?

A

temperature, water salinity, sun availability, pH

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3
Q

what are biotic factors?

A

living components of an ecosystem

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4
Q

examples of biotic factors in an ecosystem

A

food availability, mating availability, predation, plants, animals, bacteria

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5
Q

Which of the following are heterotrophs and autotrophs? (producers, consumers, decomposers)

A

producer - autotrophs
consumer - heterotroph
decomposers - heterotroph

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6
Q

Intraspecific interactions

A
  • among species
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7
Q

interspecific interactions

A
  • between different species
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8
Q

examples of intraspecific interactions

A

e.g. mating, collaboration, competition

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9
Q

examples of interspecific positive/neutral relationship

A

mutualism, commensalism

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10
Q

examples of interspecific detrimental relationship

A

predation, parasitism, competition

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11
Q

Explain what a commensalism relationship is and provide an example.

A

Commensalism refers to a relationship between two species in which one species benefit while the other species is unharmed.

e.g. the shark and remona where the remona catches food scraps from the shark which remains unharmed.

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12
Q

Explain what a mutualism relationship is and provide an example.

A

Mutualism is a relationship between two species where both partners benefit.

e.g. clown fish and the sea anemone where the anemone protects the fish against it’s predators and the clown fish excretes nutrients into the anemone’s algae.

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13
Q

Explain what a parasitism relationship is and provide an example.

A

Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits from another organism (the host) while leaving the host organism adversely affected.

  • parasite can either be an ectoparasite (live off the outside of the host) or endoparasite (live internally in the host)

e.g. tape worm and human body. The tape worm (the parasite) lives inside the human body (the host), fuelling on the nutrients of the human body whereas the human body experiences abdominal pain and weight loss, to name a few.

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14
Q

allelopathy

A

plant releases specific biochemicals (allelochemicals) that influence, either detrimentally or beneficially, the growth of other individual plants around it

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15
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship between two biological species
e.g. mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

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16
Q

infectious disease

A

caused by pathogens

17
Q

non infectious disease

A

caused by environmental, genetic, nutritional

18
Q

transect mapping

A
  • line or point transects/intervals
  • determines distribution
  • for sessile (do not move/slow) organisms
19
Q

quadrat sampling

A
  • square area or quadrat
  • abundance
  • sessile organisms
20
Q

total population using quadrats

A

(avg number per quadrat X total area) / area of quadrat

21
Q

capture-mark-recapture

A
  • captured, marked, released, resampled to check how many marked
  • abundance
  • mobile organisms
22
Q

The Quaternary Megafauna Extinction (QME)

A
  • 50 000 yrs ago
  • theory 1: last ice age
  • theory 2: human caused
23
Q

aboriginal rock painting

A
  • insight into environmental changes and human adaptation
  • visualisation of clothing, hunting, rituals
24
Q

rock structure and formation

A
  • law of superposition: oldest at bottom, youngest at top
25
Q

ice core drilling

A
  • ice samples contain info on abiotic and biotic factors in past ecosystem
  • composition of atmosphere, pollen and microorganisms, temperature
26
Q

radiometric dating

A
  • based on half life of radioactive isotopes
27
Q

gas analysis

A
  • concentration of CO2 in atmosphere
  • gaseous particles from atmosphere trapped in ice core
28
Q

Australia in Gondwana

A

warmer wetter climate

29
Q

sclerophyll plants

A

e.g. eukalyptus, banksia, bottle-brush

  • thin, small, waxy cuticle, resistant to drying out
  • adapted to poor soil and dry conditions
30
Q

reasons for changes in past ecosystems

A
  • habitat change
  • climate change
  • invasive species

yr11 biology (3 decks)

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