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PSB 2000 > Mod 4: Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Mod 4: Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of NTs?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Peptides
  3. Amino acids
    + more
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2
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Fire Action potentials

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3
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters released from?

A

The presynaptic cell @ synapse

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4
Q

Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?

A

They are synthesized in neurons within the soma.
*They are then transported down the axon to the terminal.

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5
Q

What does 1 neuron equal?

A

1 neuron = MULTIPLE NTs

*There need to be specific receptors in order to respond to multiple neurotransmitters.

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6
Q

In order for a neuron to respond to multiple neurotransmitters, the neuron needs to have?

A

The neuron needs to have multiple receptors in order to respond to the NTs released

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7
Q

What are the different NTs receptors?

A
  1. Ionotropic receptors
  2. Metabotropic receptors
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8
Q

Compare and contrast metabotropic and ionotropic receptors.

A

Ionotropic receptors have channels that OPEN when NTs BIND to them.
On the other hand, metabotropic receptors DO NOT HAVE CHANNEL they have g-proteins instead.

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9
Q

Which type of NTs receptor has a channel which opens when the neurotransmitter binds?

A

Ionotropic receptors.

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10
Q

How are NTs removed from synapses?

A
  1. Degradation
  2. Reuptake
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11
Q

What is NT degradation?

A

It is a way NTs are removed from synapses.
They are rapidly BROKEN DOWN and INACTIVATED by special enzymes.

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12
Q

What is an example of NT degradation?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) is broken down into acetylcholinesterase

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13
Q

How can the degradation of AChE help with the production of ACh?

A

AChE helps w/ recycling products that can help w/ the new production of ACh @ axon terminal.

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14
Q

What occurs during reuptake?

A

This is where NTs can be CLEARED from the SYNAPTIC CLEFT by being absorbed back into the AXON TERMINAL that released them OR absorbed by GLIAL CELLS.

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15
Q

Explain what is necessary for reuptake to occur.

A

They’re able to divide in 2 ways
w/ the help of TRANSPORT PROTEINS

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16
Q

What’s an example of reuptake in medicine (drugs)?

A
  1. Prozac
  2. Pavil
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17
Q

What are the 6 common neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Seratonin
  3. Acetylcholine
  4. Norepinephrine
  5. GABA
  6. Glutamate
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18
Q

What type of NTs is glutamate?

A

Main excitatory NT (triggers)

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19
Q

What’s the primary goal of glutamate?

A

It plays a central role in memory formation.

20
Q

What are the ionotropic receptors for glutamate?

A
  1. AMPA
  2. NMDA
21
Q

What are the metabotropic receptors for glutamate?

A

Glutamate receptors

22
Q

What type of NTs is GABA NTs?

A

They’re the main inhibitory NTs
(slows down)

23
Q

What are GABA’s ionotropic receptors?

A

GABA-A
- For anxiety relief
Ex: benzodiazepine (xanax)

24
Q

What are GABA’s metabotropic receptors?

A

GABA-B
- Targeted for chronic pain (emotional/physical disorders)

25
Q

Where are ACh NTs found?

A

Found in nuclei found within the basal forebrain.

26
Q

Define “cholinergic”.

A

Contains ACh

27
Q

What are ACh NTs involved w/?

A
  1. ANS
  2. Cortical activation
  3. Learning & memory
  4. First NTs lost in
28
Q

Why is dopamine so important?

A

It’s important for many aspects of behavior

29
Q

List the areas of behavior dopamine is part of?

A
  1. (VTA) Reward & reinforcement
  2. Cognition
  3. Movement (Parkinson’s is an example of what occurs if NT are impacted.)
  4. Dysregulated in schizophrenia
30
Q

Which of the following is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

31
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in vigilance and the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine.

32
Q

Norepinephrine =

A

noradrenaline`

33
Q

Where are the cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons’ found?

A

They are found in 2 areas of the brain stem…
1. Locus coeruleus
2. Lateral Tegmental Area (LTA)

34
Q

What are the 2 areas of the brain stem where noradrenergic neurons’ are found?

A
  1. Locus Coeruleus
  2. Lateral Tegmental Area (LTA)
35
Q

What is norepinephrine involved in?

A
  1. Sympathetic N.S.
  2. Alertness/vigilence
  3. Mood appetite
36
Q

Where does serotonin originate?

A

From the neurons along:
1. the midline of the midbrain
2. Brain stem in the Raphe Nuclei

37
Q

What is serotonin involved in?

A
  1. Sleep
  2. Mood
  3. Appetite
  4. Anxiety
38
Q

What makes up catecholamines?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Norepinepherine
  3. Epinepherine

(Do Not Eat Catecholamines)

39
Q

What makes up monoamines?

A
  1. Seratonin
  2. Catecholamines
40
Q

How are gases NTs different from reg. NTs?

A
  1. Can’t be stored in vesicle
    • They form on demand in areas outside of the axon
      terminal (ex. dendrites)
  2. Diffuse out and out of the cells
    *No receptors
    • Directly affects 2nd messenger system
  3. Can function as retrograde transmitters.
41
Q

Why do psychotropic drugs affect brain activity?

A

Because they affect the brain’s NTs systems

42
Q

Explain how psychotropic drugs affect brain activity.

A
  1. increase or decrease NT synthesis
  2. Increase or decrease NT release
  3. Bind to and activate a receptor
  4. Bind to and block a receptor.
  5. Alters the amount of time NTs stay in the synaptic cleft.
    • Blocks/ increase degradation/reuptake of NTs
43
Q

What does an agonist do?

A

A drug that mimics and increases the effects of a neurotransmitter

44
Q

What is an example of an agonist?

A

Many antidepressants

45
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

Is a drug that has less effect than the endogenous ligand would

46
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A drug that blocks the effect of an NT

47
Q

What is an example of an antagonist?

A

Antipsychotics
- Block dopamine receptors, therefore blocking dopamine antagonists.

PSB 2000 (14 decks)

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