Mod 5 Basial Ganglia

Question 1

What are the three most important basal ganglia

Answer 1

Globus pallidus
Caudate
Putamen

Question 2

The globus pallidus and the putamen are known as____

Answer 2

Lenticular nucleus

Question 3

The putamen and caudate nucleus are known as

Answer 3

Striatum

Question 4

Corpus striatum

Answer 4

Caudate and lenticular nucleus

- caudate, putamen, globus pallidus [+ accumbens]

Question 5

BG are ___ and ____ to the thalamus

Answer 5

Lateral and anterior

Question 6

What is located lateral to the genu of the internal capsule and medial to the putamen

Answer 6

Globus pallidus

Question 7

The ____ is located lateral to the genu of the internal capsule and to the globus pallidus

Answer 7

Putamen

Question 8

The ___ located medial to anterior limb of internal capsule

Answer 8

Caudate nucleus

Question 9

BG play an important role in

Answer 9

Posture and background muscle tone

Integration of motor activity

Question 10

What is the pyramidal tract

Answer 10

Direct motor system synapsing link to LMNs

Question 11

What is the extrapyramidal system

Answer 11

Indirect motor system/multi-synapsing link to LMNs

Question 12

___ and ____ both play a role in planning and integrating of movements associated with motivational and emotional stimuli

Answer 12

Nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus

Question 13

What is the nucleus accumbens

Answer 13

Continuous with caudate and putamen

It is a link to the limbic system

Question 14

The input BG nuclei include:

Answer 14

Caudate, putamen and accumbens (striatum)

Question 15

True or false: most input are inhibitory

Answer 15

False: excitatory

Output is inhibitory

Question 16

Main input of BG comes from ___

Answer 16

Cerebral cortex

Question 17

The output form the BG acts to influence _______

Answer 17

Cortical motor activities

Question 18

The output BG include

Answer 18

Globus pallidus (primarily) and substantia nigra

Question 19

The ____ conveys info from the head and neck. ____ conveys info for the rest of the body

Answer 19

Substantia nigra

Globus pallidus

Question 20

True or false: None of the BG projects caudally to lower brainstem or spinal cord

Answer 20

True

Question 21

The ____ includes all the BG except ___

Answer 21

Intrinsic

Striatum

Question 22

The intrinsic BG nuclei

Answer 22

Includes all BG except the striatum
Link the input and output BG
Two pathways: direct and indirect

Question 23

The ___ along with the ____ provide an interface between our sensory systems and motor responses

Answer 23

BG

Cerebellum

Question 24

The direct pathway

Answer 24

From the striatum to directly to globus pallidus (GP)

Question 25

The indirect pathway

Answer 25

to the GP --> to sub thalamic nucleus --> GP or substantia nigra

Question 26

What is the principled role of the BG?

Answer 26

In association with the pyramidal system is to help execute learned patterns of skilled movements

Question 27

What nucleus controls gross intentional bodily movements, both conscious and unconscious

Answer 27

Caudate nucleus

Question 28

The ____ works with caudate to help execute movement patterns that are highly complex, such as technical and athletic skills

Answer 28

Putamen

Question 29

The globus pallidus controls

Answer 29

Background positioning of gross body parts at the onset of complex movement patterns

Question 30

Which nucleus has a role in walking and other gross rhythmic body movements?

Answer 30

Sub thalamic nucleus

Question 31

What is the main output pathway for the neurotransmitter, dopamine

Answer 31

Substantia nigra

Question 32

What role does the substantia nigra have?

Answer 32

Role in muscle tone and movement smoothing

Question 33

What is dyskinesia

Answer 33

Lesions to extrapyramidal systems and BG. Characteized by "release phenomenon" and by unwanted, extraneous movement

Question 34

Hypokinesia

Answer 34

Problems with substantia nigra Less dopamine No excitation of striatum

Question 35

What is the result of hypokinesia

Answer 35

Excessive inhibition of thalamus Paucity of movement (scarcity/lack) Parkinson's

Question 36

Hyperkinesia

Answer 36

problems with sub thalamic nucleus degeneration or degeneration of striatum

Question 37

What is the result of hyperkinesia

Answer 37

Sub thalamic nucleus can't excite internal globus pallidus --> no inhibition of thalamus Result- too much movement (Huntington's disease)

Question 38

Putamen circuit

Answer 38

Helps execute learned patterns of skilled movements | E.g.- piano playing

Question 39

The putamen circuit includes

Answer 39

Globus pallidus, putamen, thalamus and the primary motor cortex

Question 40

Caudate circuit

Answer 40

Role: cognitive control of motor activity Actions occur from the thoughts we generate E.g. - wanting to reach for a cup

Question 41

The caudate circuit receives input from:

Answer 41

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal association vortexes Determines which movements should be used with movements

Question 42

Basal ganglia input is primarily from the ________; most basal ganglia output is to the _______ via the________.

Answer 42

Cortex; cortex via the thalamus

Question 43

Functions of the basal ganglia include

Answer 43

Inhibition of unwanted movement Postural control Smoothing and refining movement

Question 44

The nucleus accumbens is functionally related to the __________ and receives input from the ___________.

Answer 44

basal ganglia | Limbic system

Question 45

LMNs have their cell bodies

Answer 45

Within the spinal cord and brainstem