Mod 6 - Reporting and storing of plant pests

Question 1

ISPM 17 requires what info to be reported to the IPPC?

Answer 1

The occurrence, outbreak or spread of pests to be reported with the purpose of communicating immediate or potential danger.

Question 2

How does national pest reporting work?

Answer 2

• Person who found the pest reports to the authories.
• Authorities the report to the NPPO (National Plant Protection Organsiation).
• This sets off a chain of events, which is differnt in each country according to NPPO requirements.

Question 3

How does international pest reporting work?

Answer 3

• ISPM 17 outlines the international reporting requirements
• NPPO is responsble for reporting pest to IPPC if the are of quarantine status or liekly to cause danger.

Question 4

Why do we report pests?

Answer 4

• Communicate danger
• Demonstrates good surveillance/reporting systems
• To change phytosanitary measures
• facilitates technical justification of measures

Question 5

What are 3 reasons to store plant pests?

Answer 5

• Taxonomic studes, identifying pests and compiling pest lists
• Conservation of biodiversity
• Resoruces for public information and policy formulation

Question 6

Whats the difference between a culture collection and a herbarium

Answer 6

• Culture collection = stores living microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and keep them in a suspended metabolic state so they can be revived as needed.
• Herbarium = stores dead or preserved material, (plants and fungi - usually pressed dry - also preserved infected plant material in the case of viruses)

Question 7

whats the difference between a voucher and a type specimen?

Answer 7

• Type = the original specimen on which a scientific name is based. They are the basis and permanent reference point for scientific plant pest names.
• Voucher = a specimen archived in a permenant collection.

Question 8

What details may a voucher specimen contain?

Answer 8

• Info on site of collection
• Details of collection - time/date
• Hosts
• ID of plant pest.

Question 9

Describe three differnt ,ethods for short, med, and long term storage of fungi.

Answer 9

• Short = storage in water - cheap, can deteriorate
• Med = Preserve in silica gel - don’t need to subculture often, can be toxic to some fungi.
• Long - cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen - most fungi survive well, $$$ to maintain.

Question 10

What are 3 methods for storing bacteria?

Answer 10

• slants - can keep longer than plates, will eventually dry out.
• Freeze drying - long-term, preferred method (esp commercially)
• Cryogenic storage - liquid N, $$$, only for large labs

Question 11

What are the 2 options for storing non-culturable pathogens?

Answer 11

• Maintain the pathofens in micro-propgated natural hosts - $$$ and time consuming
• Freeze vectors and retrieving infectious agents by grinding freeze dried specimens in liquid N, and isolating DNA.

Question 12

How are nematodes and molluscs preserved/stored?

Answer 12

• Nematodes can be mounted on slides
• Slugs are preserved as wet specimens
• Snails = wet specimens + dried shells

Question 13

What are some differnt methods for storing and preserving differnt arthropods?

Answer 13

• Hard exoskeletons = pinned and dried
• Soft bodied (termites, larvae, grubs) = preserved in liquids e.g. ethyl alcohol
• Smaller specimines (fleas, lice) = mounted on microscope slides.