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investigating science!! >_< > 🍥 mod 6 - technologies! > Flashcards

🍥 mod 6 - technologies! Flashcards

1
Q

6.1.1

How does temperature affect reaction rate?

A

Higher temperature = More collisions = Increase rate of reaction

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2
Q

6.1.1

What do catalysts do?

A

Increase reaction rate by decreasing activation energy

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3
Q

**6.1.3

What is a gross error?

A

A mistake in using instruments or meters, measurement calcuations and recording data results

** E.g Writing or calculating the wrong values **

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4
Q

**6.1.3

What is an instrumental error?

A

A fault in the measuring device

** This is a systematic error

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5
Q

**6.1.3

What is an environmental error?

A

An error that occurs due to external conditions

** This is a systematic error

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6
Q

**6.1.3

What is an observational / parallax error?

A

Incorrectly observing or reading the instruments

** This is a systematic error

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7
Q

**6.1.3

How can you reduce gross errors?

A

Have other people double check values

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8
Q

**6.1.3

How can you reduce instrumental errors?

A

Re-Callibrating the instruments

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9
Q

**6.1.3

How can you reduce environmental errors?

A

Assessing the environment and weather conditions properly beforehand

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10
Q

**6.1.3

How can you reduce observational / parallax errors?

A

Making sure you are eye level, Have another person read the value

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11
Q

**6.1.3

How can you reduce random errors?

A

Repeating the experiment, taking averages

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12
Q

**6.1.4

What are the advantages of digital technology?

A
  • More precise (Like more decimal places)
  • Immediate
  • Compatible with other digital systems
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13
Q

**6.1.4

What are some disadvantages of digital technology?

A
  • Can be expensive
  • Can round the data for you
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14
Q

**6.1.4

What are some advantages of analogue technology?

A
  • Relatively cheaper
  • More accurate
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15
Q

**6.1.4

What are some disadvantages of analogue technology?

A
  • Observational error
  • Random noise
  • Accidents
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16
Q

6.2.1

Who proposed the theory of continential drift and when?

A

Alex Wegener in 1912

** I don’t think this is super important >_<

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17
Q

6.2.1

What is the continential drift theory?

A

That all of earth’s continents were on one landmass called “Pangaea”

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18
Q

6.2.1

Why was continential drift looked down upon?

A
  • Did not have the techonlogy to support it
  • Did not explain how, why or what patterns
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19
Q

6.2.1

How did Alex Wegener try to prove continential drift?

A
  • Fossils of ancient animals were found in different continents, “connecting them”
  • Similar geological structures that fit together ‘jigsaw puzzle’
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20
Q

6.2.1

How was earth modelled and simulated?

A
  • Mantle flow
  • Large tectonic plate motions
  • Behaviour of fault zones
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21
Q

6.2.1

How did the earths model / simulation change the perception of plate tectonics?

A

Thought that the energy in plate tectonics in earthquake zones were released when they bend BUTTTTTT!! THE MODEL SHOWED THAT THE ENERGY LOSS ACTUALLY OCCURS IN THE EARTH’S DEEP INTERIOR!!

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22
Q

6.2.1

How did the Earth’s model discoveries add to our understanding?

A

Understanding in earthquake zones, energy loss actually occurs in earth’s deep interior than bending of plate tectonics, thus showing how geology changed overtime.

Helped undersatnd where the energy changes occur, patterns and trends in erath’s geology, identify relationships and buildings in areas vulnerable to earthquakes

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23
Q

6.2.1

What are X-Rays?

A

X-Rays are high energy light (remember wavelengths!!), they are a form of electromagnetic radiation

24
Q

6.2.1

Who made observations using X-Ray diffraction and on what?

A

Rosalind Franklin on DNA’s helical structure

25
# **6.2.1** What were Rosalind Franklin's observations?
* Reocrded the scattered X-Rays when they passed through fibres of DNA * Layers can help identify the distance between base pairs * Missing layer lines means more than one strand * Spacing between spots reveal radius, thus diamater * **DNA is helical**
26
# **6.2.1** How did Rosalind Franklin's discoveries add to our understanding of the structure and function of DNA?
* Affirmed the double helix structure * It is asymmetrical **THEN SCIENTISTS** * Use other techonlogies to further understand strcture * scientists could determine aech function of a part such as base pairs
27
# **6.2.1** What is radioactive decay?
The spontaenous process where unstable nucleus emits excess energy in the in the form of radiation
28
# **6.2.1** What is the order of decay? (Lowest --> Highest)
Alpha Beta Gamma ABG😉
29
# **6.2.1** What is radioactivity?
The process of unstable atomic nuclei becoming more stable by emitting energy particles or electromagnetic radiation
30
# **6.2.1** (3) Ways of detecting radioactivity and how they work
**1. Electroscope** -- Metal rod with metal foil attached to the end, when it's near a radioactive source the air between the metal foil and the rod become ionised, causing the foil to deflect **2. Photographic Plates** -- When exposed to radioactive emissions the photographic emulsion will undergo changes, producing visible tracks or patterns. **3. Geiger coutners** -- Gas filled tube with a wire electrode in the centre, when ionising radiation passes through the gas, it ionises the atoms, creating brief electrical pulses that can be detected and counted
31
# **6.2.1** Who was Democritus and what did he do?
Fella that theorised that atoms are solid, indivisble particles ## Footnote **Development of Atomic Theory :)**
32
# **6.2.1** Who was John Dalton and what did he do?
Used chemical reactions to propose that elements are composed of atoms that have unique masses ## Footnote **Development of Atomic Theory :)**
33
# **6.2.1** Who was JJ Thomson and what did he do?
Experimented wtih cathode rays >> Discovery of electron >> First experimental evidence that atoms are **NOT** indivisible (contradicting dalton on that part) but were composed of subatomic particles ## Footnote **Development of Atomic Theory**
34
# **6.2.1** Who was Ernest Rutherford?
Conducted the gold foil experiment >> Led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus and the development of the nuclear model of the atom
35
# **6.2.2** What is the law of reflection?
The angle at whcih a ray of light strikes a reflecting surface is equal to the angle to which it is reflected ## Footnote https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRG-3sAMrhn1TgISvQ4uR3hrXDq8aR6xHX0OQ&s
36
# **6.2.2** What is the law of refraction?
Light travels at different speeds through different media, as light changes speeds it appears to change direction (BENDING) ## Footnote https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLY7W6jeZI5efbiGahBHLatZpuRFqgQBUaMg&s
37
# **6.2.2** What is a fast medium?
Less optically dense
38
# **6.2.2** What is a slow medium?
More optically dense
39
# **6.2.2** What is a normal?
Perpendicular tangent to the surface of lens
40
# **6.2.2** When light travels through a medium which is ____ into a medium that travels relatively ____, light will ____ towards the ____ line ## Footnote Fill in the blanks!
1. Fast 2. Slow 3. Bend 4. Normal
41
# **6.2.2** How does the law of refraction make magnification possible?
Light bends in different directions as it speeds up or slows down through different media. A curved medium such as a convex lens, bends the light to focus at a singular point beyond the lens
42
# **6.2.2** What is radiotherapy?
Treatment that uses high energy rays or radioactive substaance to damage turmoral cells and halt their growth + division. Used to treat cancers.
43
# **6.2.2** How do nuclear weapons work?
Sudden release of energy produced by splitting the nuclei of the fissile elements that make up the bombs core ## Footnote **Fissile elements are mega important for nuclear weapons, composed of an isotope of uranium and isotope of plutonium ^__^**
44
# **6.2.2** What is the structure of DNA?
* Double helix * Two complementary strands of hydrogen bonds * Held together by hydrogen pairs
45
# **6.2.2** What is DNA?
DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to survive, reproduce and develop.
46
# **6.2.2** What is CRISPR-Cas9?
CRISPR is a gene techology that cuts a DNA sequence at a specific location, then adds or deletes other DNA sequences
47
# **6.2.2** What is gene knockout?
Gene knockout is a gene techology that inactivates or removes a gene from an organism, allows for more of the gene's function to be learnt
48
# **6.2.2** What is gene cloning?
Gene cloning is a gene techology that copies genes that are extracted out of the DNA from an organism and creates a number of copies of that particular gene
49
# **6.2.2** What is Newton's first law?
Every object will remain still unless an external force acts upon it ## Footnote **This describes interia**
50
# **6.2.2** What is Newton's second law?
The larger an object is, the more force is required to accelerate. ## Footnote **Larger object = More force needed to accelerate || Larger force = Stationary object to accelerate faster**
51
# **6.2.2** What is Newton's third law?
For every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. ## Footnote **Size of the forces on the first object = size of the force on the second object**
52
# **6.2.2** Relate Newton's first law to earthquakes
Earthquake causes base of the building to shake, but the top stays in it's original position
53
# **6.2.2** Relate Newton's second law to earthquakes
The larger the mass of the building, the more force it will attract from the earthquake
54
# **6.2.2** Relate Newton's third law to earthquakes
For every action, there is an equal force from the magnitude which is opposite in direction to the reaction of the force ## Footnote Whatever that means lol!
55
# **6.2.2** (2) Technologies used to mitigate the effects of earthquakes on buildings
**1. Tempered Dampers (Pendulums)** Sway in countermotion to the earthquake, thus reducing the sway produced from the earthquake **2. Base Isolating Systems** Put them in buildings = Seismic energy is absorbed as the building moves thus limiting the buildings sway and protects from damage ## Footnote These ones are the easiest to remmeber
56
# **6.2.3** What are some ethical consideratoins regarding Indigenous people? (5)
**1. Recognition** Of Aboriginal knowledge, skills and practice **2. Respect** For Aboriginal elders, workers and youth **3. Roles and Responsibilities** Chosen by Aboriginal people **4. Restoration and Care** For Aboriginal lands, ecosystems and plants **5. Reparation** Of knowledge and support to inter ## Footnote **Indigenous knowledge of certain plants comes from their connection to the land, native botanicals, and knowledge from ancestors and their stories
57
# **6.2.3** Name (3) Examples of Aboriginal knowledge being incorporated into western products.
**1. Tea Tree Oil** *Was* used as an antiseptic and to treat skin infections. *Now* used in makeup and skincare for acne treatment **2. Eucalyptus Oil** *Was* used as infusions for infections, congestion, fever, colds and body pain. Steampit + Fire + Eucalyptus leaves = Inhale *Now* used in cleaning products as it is toxic to many organisms, thus killing germs on the surface **3. Wattleseed** *Was* grounded and used to make flour. *Now* used for baking and thickening agent for sauces and ice creams

investigating science!! >_< (3 decks)

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