MOD

Question 1

What type of disease is homocystinuria?

Answer 1

Autosomal recessive

Question 2

Which enzyme is most invovled in homocystinuria?
A) Betaine
B) Cobalamin
C) Cystathionine beta-synthase
D) MTHF reductase

Answer 2

C) Cystathionine beta-synthase

Question 3

Which amino acid gets converted into homocystinuria?

Answer 3

Methionine

Question 4

What is the metabolic error in phenylketonuria?

Answer 4

Phenylalanine cannot be broken down –> builds in blood and brain –> brain damage

Question 5

GI tract reabsorption:
CO2 + H2O –> H+ + HCO3-

In which organ is the H+ excreted?

Answer 5

Stomach

Question 6

GI tract reabsorption:
CO2 + H2O –> H+ + HCO3-

In which organ is the HCO3- excreted?

Answer 6

Duodenum

Question 7

What important molecule reclaimed in the kidneys that plays a role in acid/base balance?

Answer 7

Bicarbonate

Question 8

Following which 3 increases does the O2 haemoglobin dissociation curve shift? Which direction does it shift?

Answer 8

Increased 2,3-DGP
H+
Temperature

Shifts RIGHT

Question 9

What changes occur in CO2, O2 and H+ during:

Respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 9

Low CO2
Low H+
High O2

Question 10

What changes occur in CO2, O2 and H+ during:

Respiratory acidosis?

Answer 10

High CO2
High H+
Low O2

Question 11

What changes occur in CO2, O2 and H+ during:

Metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 11

Low H+
High CO2
Low O2

Question 12

What changes occur in CO2, O2 and H+ during:

Metabolic acidosis?

Answer 12

High H+
Low CO2
High O2

Question 13

What is the name of a benign tumour of non-glandular

epithelium?

Answer 13

Pappiloma

Question 14

What is the name of a benign tumour of glandular

epithelium?

Answer 14

Adenoma

Question 15

Defects of which process produces energy deficiency?

Answer 15

Fatty acid oxidation

Question 16

Androgen insensitivity syndrome results in what presentation?

Answer 16

Genetically male but healthy female phenotype

• absent pubic hair
• ambiguous genitalia
• amenrrhoea
• infertility

Question 17

1) Distributive shock
2) Hypovolaemic shock
3) Cardiogenic shock

A) Fluid loss
B) Cardiac pump failure
C) Severe vasodilation

Answer 17

Distributive - severe vasodilation
Hypovolaemic - fluid loss
Cardiogenic - cardiac pump failure

Question 18

What are the 4 types of distributive shock?

Answer 18

Septic Shock
Anaphylactic Shock
Neurogenic Shock
Toxic Shock Syndrome

Question 19

Hyponatraemia and a thirsty patient suggests what problem?

Answer 19

SIADH

Question 20

Hyponatraemia and a dry (not thirsty) patient suggests what problem?

Answer 20

Diuretics

Question 21

Is alkalosis a cause of hyperkalaemia or hypokalaemia?

Answer 21

Hypokalaemia

Question 22

Is acidosis a cause of hyperkalaemia or hypokalaemia?

Answer 22

Hyperkalaemia

Question 23

How do barbiturates work to increase cellular activity?

Answer 23

Anti-depressants - work by increasing P450 enzyme activity so other drugs get metabolised quickly

Question 24

Are malignant or benign tumours usually well differentiated?

Answer 24

Benign (malignant vary from anaplastic to well differentiated)

Question 25

Do malignant or benign tumours invade locally?

Answer 25

Malignant

Question 26

What is the term used to describe morphological changes in size/shape?

Answer 26

Pleomorphism

Question 27

What does stage measure?

Answer 27

Extent of a disease (the spread)

Question 28

What does grade measure?

Answer 28

How differentiated it is (severity)

Question 29

What does stroma provide to tumours?

Answer 29

Mechanical support Nutrition Intracellular signalling

Question 30

What is the term for a benign growth made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues (normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs)?

Answer 30

Hamartoma

Question 31

What is a choristoma?

Answer 31

A mass of histologically normal tissue in an abnormal location

Question 32

For the following carcinogens state if they initiate or promote: 1) Genotoxic carcinogens - damage DNA 2) Non-genotoxic carcinogens - induce replication 3) Complete carcinogens - UV light is an example

Answer 32

Genotoxic - initiate Non-genotoxic - promote Complete - initiate + promote

Question 33

What action to gene promoters inactivate TSGs?

Answer 33

Methylation

Question 34

Do pro-carcinogens act directly with DNA or require enzymatic activation beforehand?

Answer 34

Require enzymes

Question 35

Which type of cancerous gene is dominant (needs only 1 mutatnt copy of gene)

Answer 35

Oncogene

Question 36

What are the ways an oncogene can be activated?

Answer 36

Translocation Amplification Point mutation Insertion

Question 37

Are tumour suppressor gene mutations dominant or recessive?

Answer 37

Recessive

Question 38

Mutations in gatekeepers or caretakers are worse? | What do they make unstable?

Answer 38

Caretakers | Genome

Question 39

What is the minimum number of genetic alterations needed to transform a normal cell into a neoplasmic cell?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

Overexpression of which enzyme leads to immortality?

Answer 40

Telomerase

Question 41

What is p53? What syndrome has inactivation of p53? What is the result of this?

Answer 41

Transcription factor Li Fraumeni Loss of apoptotic response