mod 7 Flashcards

Question

what is an aldehyde and how to name it

Answer 1

has a carbonyl (C=O) group on a terminal carbon on the carbon chain - add suffix 'al' at the end - no locant needed

Answer 2

has a carbonyl (C=O) group anywhere but the terminal carbons on the carbon chain - add suffix 'one' at the end - lowest locant of C=O group

Answer 3

replacement of a hydrogen bonded to a carbon with an alternative side group, often a halogen ALKANE + HALOGEN2 --> HALOALKENE + HYDROGEN HALIDE - catalyst: UV light - halogen spilts (one goes into carbon atom and the the other forms a hydrogen halide)

Answer 4

the hydrogen atom will bond to the carbon atom with a greater number of hydrogen atoms already attached to it - in asymmetrical reagents this forms a minor and major product

Answer 5

- primary (1 carbon chain attached) - secondary (2 carbon chains attached) - tertiary (3 carbon chains attached)

Answer 6

combustion of alcohols in oxygen produces CO2 and H2O in a highly exothermic reaction ALCOHOL + O2 --> CO2 + H2O - incomplete (CO or C) and complete combustion - coeff of fuel/alcohol must be 1

Answer 7

dehydration of alcohols produces the corresponding alkene and H2O ALCOHOL --> ALKENE + H2O - catalyst: conc. H2SO4/H2PO4 and heat - the H and OH must be removed from adjacent carbons and a pi bond added

Answer 8

alcohols are substituted with hydrogen halides to produce corresponding halogenated haloalkane and water ALCOHOL + HX --> HALOALKANE + H2O - catalyst: aqueous ZnX (Zn halogen) - OH is substituted with halogen from hydrogen halide

Answer 9

1. tertiary 2. secondary 3. primary

Answer 10

1. HI 2. HBr 3. HCl 4. HF

Answer 11

PRIMARY ALCOHOL --> ALDEHYDE --> CARBOXYLIC ACID SECONDARY ALCOHOL --> KETONE - catalyst: K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4 (strong oxidising agent) and heat - take away OH's H and add double bond to O

Answer 12

characterised by carboxyl group (COOH) - drop the 'e' and add 'oic acid'

Answer 13

halogenated organic compound may undergo substitution with a metal hydroxide to produce an alcohol and salt HALOALKANE + DILUTE NaOH --> ALCOHOL + SALT - catalyst: acetone solvent and heat

Answer 14

halogenated organic compound may undergo substitution with water to produce an tertiary alcohol and hydrogen halide TERTIARY HALOALKANE + H2O --> TERTIARY ALCOHOL + HX

Answer 15

- as carbon chain increases so intermolecular forces increase so BP increases - as carbon chain increases BP difference btw alkanes and alcohols decreases (dispersion forces dominate in alcohols) - alcohols BP>>>>alkanes BP (always)

Answer 16

1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary

Answer 17

2 sections: 1. alkyl (non polar and only interacts using dispersion forces) 2. hydroxyl (polar and only interacts using H-bonding and dipole-diple)

Answer 18

alcohol solubility is proportional to (solute-solvent) - (solute-solute) - (solvent-solvent) - memorise table

Answer 19

- carbon chain increases = stronger dispersion forces = decrease solubility - order of solubility (accessibility of OH group) = tertiary>secondary>primary

Answer 20

fossil fuels (non-renewable resources) are produced by natural processes on the fossilised remains of dead organisms over millions of years - DRILLING: drags water to the surface to extract it's dissolved minerals - FRACKING: water and other substances are blasted into a natural gas reserve to fracture rocks and extract minerals

Answer 21

ENVIRO = petroleum extraction reduces pressure on underground oil resevioures ECO = relatively cheap fossil fuels are readily found and are a huge part of Australia's economy SOCIO = increases job opportunities

Answer 22

ENVIRO = drilling and fracking damages land; exposes heavy metals and radioactive substances ECO = relatively high cost to establish SOCIO = destroys tourist and Indigenous land

Answer 23

ENVIRO = natural gas burns cleaner than wood; saves habitats ECO = increase employment and SOL SOCIO = increased int. travel and electricity usage

Answer 24

ENVIRO = climate change caused by CO2 production; greenhouse affect; acid rain from NO2 and SO2 gases ECO = global wealth inequality SOCIO = degrades tourist attractions, human rights violation

Answer 25

an alternate source of fuel that are renewable from plant material (e.g veggie waste, etc.) - aim to be carbon neutral (no net release of carbon)

Answer 26

from fermentation of glucose from natural sources (e.g sugar cane) for fuel

Answer 27

is the process by which carbohydrates turn from alcohol to yeast and other microorganisms

Answer 28

- carbon neutral as CO2 produced = CO2 absorbed by sugar cane plants - burns cleanly due to ethanols partially oxidised nature

Answer 29

- require expensive vehicle engine modifications to use - transportation emits CO2 - lot of fuel needed (ethanol has low enthalpy of combustion) - pungent fermentation waste

Answer 30

a mixture of methane and CO2 which is formed by harnessing the decomposition of organic materials by anaerobic bacteria

Answer 31

biodiesal is a mixture of esters which are produced by reacting vegetable oils or animal fats with base

Answer 32

amines are organic compounds containing a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair - primary amine: locant-alkylprefixan-locant-amine - secondary amine: N-alkylprefixan-locant-amine - tertiary amine: N-alkyl, N-alkylprefixan-locant-amine OR N,N-dialkylprefixan-locant-amine

Answer 33

- has a polar NH2 group - as carbon chain increases the basicity increases and solubility decreases - in order of basicity tertiary>secondary>primary - has hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion forces - in order of BP tertiary

Answer 34

an alcohol can undergo substitution with NH3 to produce a primary amine SECONDARY ALCOHOL + AMMONIA --> PRIMARY AMINE + WATER - NH3 splits into NH2 and H

Answer 35

- have polar carbonyl group (COOH) - as carbon chain increases the acidity and solubility decreases - in order of acidity tertiary

Answer 36

amides contain a carbonyl attached to a nitrogen atom and they are neutral - drop 'e' and add 'amide' - main carbon chain MUST HAVE carbonyl group in it (CONH2)

Answer 37

amides are produced by the condensation reaction of carboxylic acid and an amine CARBOXYLIC ACID + AMMONIA --> PRIMARY AMIDE + WATER CARBOXYLIC ACID + PRIMARY AMINE --> SECONDARY AMIDE + WATER CARBOXYLIC ACID + SECONDARY AMINE --> TERTIARY AMIDE + WATER - catalyst: DCC and reflux conditions and 190C and 4hrs

Answer 38

- have both NH and C=O groups - have hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion - as MM increases solubility decreases - in order of BP primary>secondary>tertiary

Answer 39

- both have polar carbonyl groups (C=O) - dipole-dipole and dispersion forces - increase chain length = decrease in solubility

Answer 40

- always consult MSDS (material safety data sheet) - organic substances are volatile, flammable, corrosive/caustic - should wear PPE, have emergency shower and fume cupboard - same disposal into waste bins - if spill use solid NaHCO3 (amphiprotic)

Answer 41

esters are highly fragrant organic compounds that have a COO functional group bridging 2 alkyl groups - 2 separate words - replace 'ol' suffix of the alcohol with 'yl' as the first word - replace 'oic acid' suffix of the carboxylic acid with 'oate' for the second word

Answer 42

esters are produced by the equilibrium/condensation reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid called esterification ALCOHOL + CARBOXYLIC ACID --><-- ESTER + WATER - catalyst: conc. H2SO4 and heat (increases ROR and yield, is a dehydrating agent and shifts equilibruim right) - alcohols are volatile and heat would loose reactants so reflux is used

Answer 43

a procedure in which the reaction flask is continually heated while vapours emerging from it are guided through a condenser tube which cools the gases and condenses them back into the flask - prevents loss of reagent - allows reaction to perform at higher temps (increasing ROR)

Answer 44

- hotplate - boiling chips (control the boiling by providing nucleation sites for bubbles to dissipate promote even boiling and prevent bumping - condenser tube

Answer 45

1. neutralise the excess acid by adding base Na2CO3 2. add water to dissolve water soluble substances (e.g salts, etc.) 3. add mixture to separating funnel to separate into a dense organic layer and more dense aqueous layer 4. the aqueous at the bottom is removed 5. repeat 3&4 multiple times 6. use distillation to separate ester from other compounds

Answer 46

soaps and detergents are surfactants and they are more effective at cleaning than water alone - used to clean non-polar substances from surfaces - soaps are produced from natural sources while detergent is made from artificial products - surfactants have 2 parts: hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Answer 47

- polar hydrophilic head (water loving, interacts with water, H-bond and dipole dipole and dispersion) - non-polar hydrophobic tail (water hating, interacts with oil, dispersion forces)

Answer 48

a soap is an ion with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar charged carboxylate head (usually present in Na and K salts) (from natural oils and fats)

Answer 49

is an ion with a ion with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar anionic sulfate or benzenesulfonate head (usually present in Na and K salts) (too harsh for personal hygiene)

Answer 50

is an ion with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar cationic trimethylammonium or quaternary ammonium head (usually present in Cl or Br salts) (biocidal reduces static friction and tangling)

Answer 51

is a molecule with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar repeating uncharged polyethylene glycol head - ends in an alcohol group

Answer 52

- hydrophilic head in water and hydrophobic tail sticking out in a line - dissolve to form spherical micelles (repel each other) with head outside and tail inside - if non-polar substances are stuck onto a surface: 1. surfactant dissolves in water 2. monolayer formation in grease 3. agitation separates grease from surface 4. micellisation and emulsifica

Answer 53

is impure water which contains >20ppm of Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions - soaps struggle (carboxylate ion precipitates with the 2 ions to form a solid called scum - anionic detergents struggle (form soluble complexes with the 2 ions although phosphate builders can precipitate with the ions) - neutral non-anionic detergents are not affected (don't react with Ca2+ and Mg2+)

Answer 54

are molecules which are composed of many identical, repeating subunits known of monomers - can be formed through addition polymerisation or condensation polymerisation - total addition of all monomers is the total mass of the polymer

Answer 55

ethene (ethylene) is important feedback to produce addition polymers - ethene are monomers - 2 types of polyethylene (LDPE, HDPE)

Answer 56

is characterised by extensive chain branching and low density formed at high temperature and pressure - chemically unreactive (saturated hydrocarbon) - soft and flexible (not tightly packed) - transparent (low degree of light scattering) - low melting point (weak dispersion forces) - used for plastic shopping bags

Answer 57

is characterised by minimal chain branching and long linear polymer molecules and formed at low temperature and pressure and with Zieglar-Natta catalyst. - chemically unreactive (saturated hydrocarbon) - highly rigid (tight packing, strong dispersion forces) - opaque (high light scattering) - high BP/MP - used for chairs

Answer 58

polyvinyl chloride (polychloroethene, PVC) is an addition polymer from chloroethene monomers (vinyl chloride) - are stiffer than polyethylene (Cl>H) - held together by stronger dipole dipole and dispersion forces (Cl>H) - brittle - PVC + UV absorber prevents sun degradation, - PVC + heat stabiliser improves performance at high temperatures - PVC + plasticer softens - used for banks cards, water pipes

Answer 59

polystyrene (polyethenylbenzene, PS) is an addition polymer produced from styrene (ethenylbenzene) monomers - are 2 forms: crystal and expanded

Answer 60

- rigid (stiffness from bulky benzene rings) - brittle - transparent (low light scattering) - 100C deforming temperature - used for CD cases

Answer 61

- comprehensible and lightweight (N2 gas pockets) - maintains shape - heat and sound insulation (N2 gas pockets) - opaque (high light scattering) - used for packaging material

Answer 62

polytetrafluoroethylene (polytetrafluoroethene, PTFE) is an addition polymer produced from tetrafluoroethylene (tetrafluoroethene) monomers - rigid and durable (H

Answer 63

1. identify double or triple bond 2. redraw monomer to make the double or triple bond central 3. bond individual monomers to the carbon atoms involved in double/triple bonds 4. all other atoms are side chains

Answer 64

is the formation of polymers via repeated condensation reactions while eliminating a small molecular product (usually water or ammonia) - polyamides, nylon, proteins and polyesters are formed using condensation

Answer 65

is formed by the repeated condensation reaction of dicarboxylic acid and diamine co-monomers

Answer 66

synthetic linear polyamide and type of condensation polymer - the most common is nylon-6,6 made from hexane-1, 6-diamine and hexanedioic acid co-monomers - high tensile strengnth - rigid - resistant to chemical and thermal degredation - used for car engines

Answer 67

a natural polyamide and condensation polymer characterised by repeating ester units produced from dicarboxylic acid and diol co-monomers - most common is PET (polyethylene terephthalate) made from ethane-1,2-diol and benzene-1, 4-dioic acid monomers - strong polar ester linkage - rigid (benzene rings) - colourless - high tensile strength and MP - semi-crystalline and water resistant - used for heavy duty fabrics

Answer 68

- increase chain length = increase dispersion forces and rigidity and BP - increase in crystalline (opposite is amorphous) = increase in intermolecular force strength and density/rigidity and BP - chain branching = loose packing and amorphous molecules - chain stiffening from large side chains = increase rigidity

Answer 69

- increase in polarity of bonds = increase in biodegradability - increase in CH bonds - C-Cl, C=O, C-N, C-O are easier to biodegrade - condensation polymers are easier to biodegrade than addition polymers

Answer 70

- increase chain length doesn't increase BP - H-bond and polar therefore high BP - soluble in water and solids at 25C

Answer 71

- H-bond and polar therefore high BP - soluble in water

Answer 72

- H-bond and polar therefore high BP - H in OH group is donor and 2 lone O pairs

Answer 73

- H-bond and polar therefore high BP - 2 H's of amines are donors and 1 lone N2 pair - due to trigonal pyramidal geometry, doesn't stack well, decrease reaction efficiency - low BP - soluble in water

Answer 74

- polar bonds - increase symmetry = increase reaction efficiency - increase chain length = decrease in water solubility

Answer 75

- polar bonds

Answer 76

- only dispersion forces - low BP - insoluble in water

Answer 77

a condensation polymer characterised by repeating ester units. they are produced by dicarboxylic acid and diol co-monomer - most common is PET (polythyleneterephthalate)

Answer 78

formed from condensation reaction between ethane-1,2-diol and benzene-1,4-dioic acid monomers - ester linkage is polar due to polar C-O and C=O bonds - benzene rings give PET rigidity - properties (colourless, high tensile strength from polar bond, high MP, semi-crystalline, water resistance)

mod 7 Flashcards

(102 cards)