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MOD factoids+definitions Flashcards

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0
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Increase in tissue/organ size due to increased cell numbers. (Only in labile/stable cells).
N.b. Response to increased functional demand or external stimulation. Reversible

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1
Q

Define Regeneration (cell adaptation)

A

Replacement of cell losses by identical cells in order to maintain the size of a tissue or organ

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2
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell size (not number).
N.b. Like plasia- response to increased functional demand/hormonal stimulation. Many tissues, but esp in permanent cell populations.
Due to more structural components

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3
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue/organ due to acquired decrease in cell number/size

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4
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another.
N.b.Metaplastic epithelium is fully differentiated

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5
Q

Define Hypoplasia

A

Underdevelopment/incomplete development of a tissue/organ

N.b in a spectrum with aplasia. Compare to atrophy.

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6
Q

Define Neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus has been removed

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7
Q

Define malignant neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus has been removed AND invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

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8
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Pre-neoplastic (May not actually ever progress to neoplasm) alteration in which cells shows disordered tissue organisation. Change is reversible

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9
Q

Define metastasis

A

Malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site

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10
Q

Define Oncosis

A

Cell death w/ swelling. The spectrum of changes that occurs in living cells prior to death

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11
Q

Define Necrosis

A

The morphological changes that follow cell death in living tissue

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12
Q

Define Apoptosis

A

Cell death with shrinkage- induced by regulated energy-dependant intracellular program where a cell activates enzymes that degrade its own DNA and proteins

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13
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Denaturation> degradation of protein. Ghost outline of cells. Solid organs- ischaemia/infarct
MI, dry gangrene

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14
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

Degradation>Denaturation of protein. Enzymatic digestion of tissues. Bacterial (wet gangrene), pus. Abscesses, cerebral infarct

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15
Q

What do you see in acute alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Focal hepatocyte necrosis, Mallory bodies and neutrophils

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16
Q

What do you see in cirrhosis?

A

Micronodules of regenerating hepatocytes surrounded by bands of collagen

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17
Q

Define Acute Inflammation

A

The innate, immediate and early response of living tissue to injury, initiated to localise tissue damage

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18
Q

Define Chronic Inflammation

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A

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis

19
Q

Causes of Acute Inflammation

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A

Microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical and chemical agents, tissue necrosis

20
Q

What causes Rubour and Calor?

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A

Vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries causing an increase in blood flow. Mediated by histamine and prostaglandins

21
Q

What causes Dolor?

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A

histamine and bradykinin cause pain

22
Q

What causes tumor?

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A

Exudation of fluid into tissues caused by increased permeability of vessels. Mediated by histamine and leukotrienes

23
Q

How does exudation combat injury?

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A

Delivery of plasma proteins (Ig, fibrinogen, inflammatory mediators), increase in lymphatic drainage, dilutes toxins

24
How does vasodilation help?
Raises temperature locally, increases delivery
25
How does infiltration of cells help?
Removes pathogenic organisms and necrotic debris
26
Local and Systemic consequences of AI?
Local- swelling, exudate, loss of fluid, pain and loss of function Systemic- fever, acute phase response, leukocytosis, spread of infection-> septicaemia-> shock
27
Sequelae of AI?
Resolution, suppuration, chronic inflammation with fibrosis, death
28
Describe angio-oedema
Deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor- increased bradykinin- increased vascular permeability of endothelium- oedema
29
Describe chronic granulomatous disease
Defect in NADPH oxidase, can't perform oxidative burst, can't kill some bacteria- frustrated phagocytosis, granulomas form to contain the bacteria
30
Describe alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency
Lots of trypsin cleaving proelastase to elastase in LUNGS- COPD. In LIVER- hepatitis as accumulation of antitrypsin
31
Sequence of lobar pneumonia
Congestion, red hepatisation, grey hepatisation, resolution. Strep pneumoniae.
32
Effects of chronic inflammation?
Fibrosis (chronic cholecystitis, gastric ulceration), impaired function (inflamm bowel disease), atrophy, immune response (RA, granulomas)
33
Define Granuloma
Group of two or more epithelioid histiocytes with a rim of lymphocytes
34
What can cause granulomas?
Persistent low-grade antigenic stimulation e.g. Foreign material Hypersensitivity (infections- TB, leprosy) Unknown (sarcoidosis, wegeners, crohns)
35
Define fibrous repair
Replacement of functional tissue with scar tissue N.b. Involves- cell migration (inflamm, endothelial, myo/fibro), angiogenesis, ECM)
36
Constituents of granulation tissue
Inflammatory cells, myo/fibroblasts, endothelial cells, capillaries and lymphatics, ECM proteins
37
Define Haemostasis
The arrest of bleeding either by physiological properties of vasoconstriction or coagulation, or by surgical means
38
Define Thrombosis
Inappropriate formation of a solid mass of blood within the circulatory system during life
39
What is Virchow's triad?
Abnormalities of vessel wall (disturbs antithrombotic properties and nidus for platelet aggregation) -atheroma, direct injury, hypertension, inflammation Abnormalities of blood flow (stagnation, turbulence) -AF, LV disjunction, venous obstruction, varicose veins Abnormalities of blood components (hypercoaguability) -smoking, postpartum, post-op, cancer
40
Define Embolism
Blockage of a blood vessel by solid, liquid or gas at a site distant to its origin
41
What is DIC?
Widespread activation of coagulation, generation of thrombi and subsequent Fibrinolysis- using up clotting factors and platelets.
42
What is thrombocytopenia?
Decreased platelets. Can be immune (antibodies against glycoproteins on platelet membranes). Causes- decreased production (BM problems, infections, drugs, metabolic disorders), decreased survival (drugs, immune destruction, DIC), sequestration by spleen, dilutational.
43
What is thrombophilia?
Predisposition to thrombosis. | Caused by AT3 deficiency, protein c+s deficiency for example
44
Define Atheroma
Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipid in the intima and media of large and medium sized arteries
45
Define Artherosclerosis
Thickening and hardening of arterial walls due to atheroma
46
Define Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and hardening of artery and arteriole walls, usually due to hypertension or DM

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