Models

Question 1

What is the psychoanalytic model? (Psychological model)

Answer 1

Tries to understand mental illness by reflecting on humans as peoples motivation, thoughts, and desires

Question 2

What did Freud argue in the psychotic model ? (Psychological model.)

Answer 2

The perspective of the conscious unconscious and pre-conscious

Psychosexual, stages – anal, oral latency, genital, and phallic 

Ego (reality principle), id (pleasure principle), superego (consciousness )

Question 3

What did Neo Freudians argue in the psychoanalytic model? (Psychological model.)

Answer 3

Anna Freud – ego as central psychopathology appears of the ego isn’t functioning correctly. this leads to no control of the ID.

Interpersonal perspective – we are the product of relationship, psychopathology is rooted in tendencies which we develop when dealing with interpersonal environment 

Question 4

What is a cognitive behavioural approach? (Psychological model.)

Answer 4

Bandura– we learn by internal reinforcement by the visualisation of consequences. We don’t need external consequences to alter our behaviour.

Schema – central underline concept of knowledge that guide current thoughts and processes of information.

Attributions :
Internal – factors in a person like abilities of personality mood
External – factors external to a person like luck 

Question 5

What is the learning part of behavioural perspectives? (Psychological model.)

Answer 5

Generalisation – response to a stimulus is conditioned and is likely to be revoked by another similar stimulus

Discrimination – will a person learn to distinguish between a similar stimulus and to respond differently to them based off reinforcement

Question 6

Evaluation of the psychoanalytic model? (Psychological model.)

Answer 6

Not very scientific and put too much emphasis on sexual drives

Freuds theory has a highlight of population validity

Neurosciences provided support for the unconscious

Freud’s concepts are fundamental to our thinking about human nature 

Question 7

Evaluation of the behavioural approach? (Psychological model.)

Answer 7

Objective and research based approach

Behavioural therapy is evidently effective

Others argue that this approach is reductionist 

Question 8

Evaluation of the cognitive behavioural approach? (Psychological model.)

Answer 8

Generally accepted by clinical settings

Lots of research support

Lots of research has gone on a CBT

Behaviourist unconvinced that cognitions are observable

Question 9

What are genetic vulnerabilities? (Biological model.) 

Answer 9

46 chromosomes – 23 pairs

Genes carry what we inherit our parents – two copies of each gene one from each parent

22 pairs determine anatomical and physiological make up + one determine the sex 

Large amounts of genes and polymorphisms, interact to increase, vulnerability, 

Down syndrome is have more than the average person. This is Sean through twin studies and family studies. 

Question 10

What is the biological approach? (Biological model,)

Answer 10

Medicalise approach – do use mental illness as a decrease of the nervous system

They are either inherited a caused by pathological process

Initially focus on neural damage from the symptoms related to mood cognition and behaviour

Question 11

What does polymorphism and Polygamy? (Biological model)

Answer 11

Polymorphisms - variation in a particular gene

Polygenetics: no illness is thought to be apologetic influenced by multiple genes of multiple polymorphisms

Question 12

What is brain dysfunction and plasticity? (Biological model.)

Answer 12

Plasticity – brain is flexible and Newell mechanisms can be modified. The environment place a large part in this rich environment equals the cortical matter.

Neurotransmitter and hormone functions 

Question 13

What are the five main hormones? (Biological model)

Answer 13

Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA

Question 14

What are the hormone affects on mental health?(biological model.)

Answer 14

Endocrine system
Some hormones are produced by the brain itself, and therefore have more of an affect

Question 15

Evaluation of the biological model?

Answer 15

What’s the weather in suggest that mental health has biological components

But biological difference does not always mean mental illness

Gene environment interaction plays a large part in mental health

Question 16

What does the social model focus on?

Answer 16

Things in the environment that can influence our mental health. These things are usually uncontrollable and unpredictable. 

Question 17

What is neglect and abuse at home? (Social model)

Answer 17

Many negative effects such as emotional intellectual and physiological development

Could cause behavioural issues such as aggression and bulling

Cognitive issues such as language

Neglect – ongoing failure to meet a child’s needs

Associated with a lower education level

Question 18

What is Childhood, trauma and deprivation? (Social model.)

Answer 18

Not given the expected, resources by parents or carers

Search deprivation can be the consequence of several situations such as institutionalisation neglect, abuse or separation

8 million children are still in care, Romanian, after the study, found that they have reduction in cortical grey matter

Question 19

What is separation? (Social model)

Answer 19

Bowlby:
Acute factors: distress detachment
Considered a normal reaction

Prolonged factors : several types of operations can lead to insecure attachment associated with increased vulnerability 

Question 20

What is marital discord? (Social model)

Answer 20

Together but many arguement

Leads to several issues like aggression, negative interaction styles

Effects parents unpredictable could be neg or pos.

Question 21

What is parenting style? (Social model)

Answer 21

A relationship is bidirectional

Authoritaria: mood problems, low academic competence
High risk substance

Authoritative: promotes resilience in children, less likely to develop emotional or behaviour problems

Permissive: selfish impatient children, associated with anti social behaviour

Uninvolved: mood problems in childhood, low self esteem, comduct issues

Question 22

What is socioeconomic status? (Social model)

Answer 22

Social standing or class of an individual - these are associated with mental and psychical health

Prejudice and poverty

Unemployment

Question 23

What is prejudice and discrimination? (Social model)

Answer 23

Focuses on race gender and ethnicity

Minority groups

Increased mental illness association

Question 24

What are maladaptive peer relationships? (Social model)

Answer 24

Bullies
Cyber bullying
Learning experience

Question 25

What are the 5 p’s in diagnosis ?

Answer 25

Presenting problems : concerns that the clients find difficult to manage

Predisposing factors : include biological, environmental or personality considerations that may put clients at risk.

Precipitating factors : those that proximally bring about substance use and its resulting factors.

Perpetuating factors : those that sustain and possibly reinforce clients current substance use and misuse challenges.

Protective factors : those that help to moderate actual or potential substance use and misuse impact.