models of health

Question 1

what is the medical model of disability

Answer 1

disability is caused by deviation from the medical norm
interventions should aim at returning the patient back to medical norm

Question 2

what is the social model of disability

Answer 2

intrinsic failure of society to adjust to those with differing needs
is a form of social oppression and social change is required to prevent disability occurring

Question 3

what is the WHO definition of impairment

Answer 3

physical abnormality in structure, or an abnormality in the function of the body

Question 4

what is the WHO definition of disability

Answer 4

difficulty in performing certain tasks due to an impairment

Question 5

what is the WHO definition of handicap

Answer 5

the broader social and psychological consequences of living with an impairment or disability

Question 6

what are lay beliefs

Answer 6

stem from what health means to the average person who has no medical training
can be socially embedded and can influence behaviour regarding health

Question 7

how do lay beliefs develop

Answer 7

naturally as a community seeks to understand health conditions

Question 8

what is health behaviour

Answer 8

activity undertaken to maintain health and prevent illness

Question 9

what is illness behaviour

Answer 9

activity undertaken by a patient who feels ill to define the problem and seek treatment

Question 10

what can impact illness behaviour

Answer 10

culture
visibility of symptoms
extent of disruption
information available
lay referral

Question 11

what is sick role behaviour

Answer 11

activity performed by a patient who is ill to actively make themselves better

Question 12

what are deniers in terms of adherence to treatment

Answer 12

individuals who dont believe they have the disease so dont follow the treatment plan as that would mean accepting the condition

Question 13

what are distancers in terms of adherence to treatment

Answer 13

individuals who downplay their condition and symptoms as not needing treatment and not serious

Question 14

what are accepters in terms of adherence to treatment

Answer 14

accept they have the condition and view it as vital they adhere to treatment plan so they can achieve normal life

Question 15

what are pragmatists in terms of adherence to treatment

Answer 15

seek help only on deterioration/when the condition becomes practically bothersome

Question 16

what is health promotion

Answer 16

the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their own health

Question 17

what are 5 ways of health promotion

Answer 17

medical interventions
behaviour change
educational
empowerment
social change

Question 18

what are primary interventions

Answer 18

prevent the onset of disease by reducing exposure to risk factors

Question 19

what are secondary interventions

Answer 19

aim to detect and treat a disease at an early stage to prevent further complications

Question 20

what are tertiary interventions

Answer 20

aim to minimise the effects of established disease

Question 21

what are screening programmes

Answer 21

form of secondary prevention that acts to detect early stages of a disease in order to treat it before it becomes an issue

Question 22

what are the Wilson-Junger criteria for screening programmes

Answer 22

condition for which it screens must be frequent and severe
all possible primary interventions must be in place
test must be simple, safe, precise, and inexpensive
must be an agreed target population
must be evidence that intervention at pre-symptomatic stage is beneficial
opportunity cost must be acceptable
screening programme must be possible to implement

Question 23

what is mass screening and give an example

Answer 23

screen every individual for diseases
new born blood spot tests

Question 24

what is selective screening and give an example

Answer 24

involves screening only for at risk population
cervical screenign

Question 25

what is opportunistic screening and give an example

Answer 25

implemented only when the opportunity arises GP checks the BP of anyone over 60 when they come for an appointment, just a test because they are there

Question 26

what is the theory of planned behaviour used for

Answer 26

use to predict and explain why people engage in risky behaviours

Question 27

what factors influence the theory of planned behaviour

Answer 27

attitude perceived behavioural control intention to carry out the behaviour

Question 28

what is the COM-B model

Answer 28

capability, opportunity, motivation, all of which affect the ability and probability to carry out risky behaviour

Question 29

what is the health belief model

Answer 29

looks at factors which affect ones beliefs about their health such as susceptibility, severity, and cues to action

Question 30

what is the stages of change model and what are the 6 stages

Answer 30

identifies which stage of behavioural change a person is currently in precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse

Question 31

what is the biomedical model of health

Answer 31

considers the influence of biological factors on human behaviour views that physical factors influence and cause illness

Question 32

why is the biomedical model of health criticised

Answer 32

biological reductionism as it does not consider the possible influence of the environmental and cognitive factors on behaviour

Question 33

what is the biopsychosocial model of health

Answer 33

takes account of biological, psychosocial, and social factors there is patient responsibility because lifestyle has an influence

Question 34

what are the obligations of the social system in the sick role

Answer 34

demonstrate motivation to get well seek technically competent medical help and co-operate with the clinician

Question 35

what are the rights of the social system in the sick role

Answer 35

exemption from normal role responsibilities not to be held responsible for their sickness

Question 36

what are the obligations of the dr in the sick role

Answer 36

to be technically competent to be affectively neutral and objective

Question 37

what are the rights of the dr in the sick role

Answer 37

to be treated by society as a professional, with a degree of independence to be allowed access to taboo areas, such as the sick persons body

Question 38

what is determinism

Answer 38

we are determined by social structures

Question 39

what is voluntarism

Answer 39

individual has free will

Question 40

what is the definition of expertise

Answer 40

expert opinion or knowledge often obtained through the action of submitting a matter to and its consideration by experts the quality or state of being expert, skill, or expertness in a particular branch of study or report

Question 41

what is the definition of belief

Answer 41

mental conviction

Question 42

what is medical dominance

Answer 42

professions authority to determine what is to be counted a sickness over patients and other professions in terms of division of health-related labour

Question 43

why has medical dominance declined

Answer 43

the rise of managerialism in the health service developments in nursing practice the increasing importance of patient voices in health changing social conceptualisations of expertise

Question 44

what are the 4 typologies of caring

Answer 44

carers as resources carers as co workers carers as co-clients superseded carers

Question 45

what is health inequity

Answer 45

refers to avoidable differences in health between different groups of people result of unfair systems that negatively affect peoples living condition, access to healthcare, and overall health status

Question 46

what are the 4 mechanisms of health inequalities

Answer 46

behavioural model psychosocial model materialist model life-course model

Question 47

what is social gerontology

Answer 47

the study of social aspects of ageing and of ageing populations

Question 48

what is chronological ageing

Answer 48

how old a person is in terms of time since birth

Question 49

what is biological ageing

Answer 49

changes in a persons physical state that accompany chronological ageing

Question 50

what is functional age

Answer 50

defined on the basis of functional measures of daily living

Question 51

what is social ageing

Answer 51

social expectations about how older people should behave or appear as they grow older