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Psychopathology PSYC 340 > Models of Psychopathology > Flashcards

Models of Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

model

A
  • paradigm or theoretical perspective
  • describes phenomenon that cannot be directly observed
  • set of assumptions guiding systematic way of viewing/thinking/explaining
  • guides definition/examination/treatment of m.d.
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2
Q

the major models of psychopathology are ____

A
  • biological
  • cognitive-behavioural
  • psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
  • humanistic
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3
Q

1-dimensional models of psychopathology

A
  • 1 dimensional models are overly simplistic
  • each model has bias
  • neglect possibility of various factors
  • fail to recognize reciprocal interactions of factors
  • set up dichotomy of “either or”
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4
Q

biopsychosocial model limitations

A
  • does not focus on how these factors interact to produce illness
  • neglects cultural influences
  • neglects sociocultural influences
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5
Q

multipath model

A
  • holistic perspective
  • interactions within and between dimensions
  • same factors may cause different disorders
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6
Q

multipath model assumptions

A
  • not one theoretical perspective is adequate to explain the development of disorders
  • multiple pathways contribute to the dev of any single disorder
  • not all dimensions contribute equally
  • this model is integrative and interactive
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7
Q

biological dimension assumptions

A
  • our characteristics = embedded in genes
  • thoughts/emotions/behaviours involve bio processes occurring in the brain
  • many mental processes associated w/ inherited bio vulnerability
  • medications and bio interventions influence bio processes
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8
Q

According to the biological model, do changes in why we think, feel, and behave affect biological processes within the body?

A

yes

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9
Q

human brain: cerebral cortex

A
  • advanced cognitive functions
  • prefrontal cortex regulates attention, behaviour, emotions
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10
Q

human brain: limbic system

A

role in emotions, decision making and memories

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11
Q

human brain: HPA

A
  • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
  • activated under conditions of stress or emotional arousal
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12
Q

dysregulation of HPA

A

can result in difficulty managing stress effectively

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13
Q

limbic system: thalamus

A
  • relay station
  • transmits nerve impulses throughout brain
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14
Q

limbic system: hypothalamus

A

regulates bodily impulses throughout brain

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15
Q

limbic system: hippocampus

A
  • learning
  • memory
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16
Q

limbic system: amygdala

A

experiencing and expressing emotions and motivation

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17
Q

brain abnormalities can _____

A
  • result in AB
  • aberrant functioning within brain regions
  • structural differences in brain regions (Phineas Gage)
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18
Q

basic structure of neuron

A
  • dendrite
  • cell body
  • axons
  • synapse
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19
Q

dendrite

A

receive signals from other neurons

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20
Q

synapse

A

gap between axon of sending neuron and dendrites of receiving neuron

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21
Q

biochemical processes

A

neurotransmitters
- chemicals involved in transmission of neural impulses
dysfunction in:
- amount of neurotransmitter
- synapse deactivation mechanism
- receptor sensitivity

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22
Q

major neurotransmitters

A
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
  • norepinephrine
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23
Q

serotonin: normal functions

A
  • inhibitory effects
  • regulate temperature, mood, appetite, sleep
  • reduced serotonin creates impulsive B and aggression
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24
Q

serotonin: associated disorders

A
  • OCD
  • schizophrenia
  • mood disorders
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25
Q

dopamine: normal functions

A
  • influence motivation and reward-seeking B
  • regulates movement, emotional responses, attention, planning
  • excitatory and inhibitory effects
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26
Q

dopamine: associated disorders

A
  • schizophrenia
  • ADHD
  • mood disorders
  • Parkinson’s
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27
Q

GABA: normal functions

A
  • major inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • regulates mood, arousal, B
  • calms nerves
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28
Q

GABA: associated disorders

A
  • anxiety disorders
  • ADHD
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29
Q

norepinephrine: normal functions

A
  • regulates attention, arousal, concentration, dreaming, moods
  • influences physiological reactions related to stress response
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30
Q

norepinephrine: associated disorders

A
  • anxiety disorders
  • sleep disorder
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31
Q

heredity

A
  • genetic transmission of traits
  • lays a role in most mental disorders
  • most forms of AB = polygenic
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32
Q

genotype

A
  • genetic material
  • observable
  • fixed at birth
  • inherited
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33
Q

phenotype

A
  • observable trait
  • changes over time
  • product of interaction between genotype and environment
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34
Q

gene expression

A
  • process of info in gene translates into phenotype
  • genes can be turned on and off
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35
Q

epigenetics

A

focuses on understanding how environmental factors influence gene expression

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36
Q

biological treatments: psychotropic meds

A
  • medications to treat psychiatric symptoms
  • do not cure mental disorders
  • help alleviate symptoms
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37
Q

psychotropic meds: benefits

A
  • improves lives
  • stabilizing symptoms
  • individuals become better able to participate in other forms of treatment
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38
Q

psychotropic meds: limitations

A
  • when meds end, symptoms usually return
  • side effects and possible drug-drug interactions
  • limited focus on gender and ethnic differences in physiological response to medication
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39
Q

biological treatments: ECT

A
  • electroconvulsive therapy
  • induces small seizures with electricity and magnetism
  • reserved for those not responding to other treatments
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40
Q

biological treatments: psychosurgery

A
  • removing parts of the brain
  • very uncommon today
41
Q

biological treatments: brain stimulation

A
  • deep brain stimulation
  • repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
42
Q

critiques of biological model

A
  • no bio factors fully account for any form of mental disorders
  • unknown how bio factors CAUSE mental disorders (only know = significant risk factor)
  • exclusive focus on genetic factors promote that mental illness = predetermined
  • caution against reductionism
43
Q

reductionism

A

simplification of phenomenon to its basic elements

44
Q

impact of biological model

A
  • legitimacy of m.d. = organic cases, subject worthy of study in medicine
  • prevention/treatment of m.d. should be possible by altering bodily functioning
  • evidence that drugs can alter severity/course of certain m.d.
45
Q

psychological models

A
  • psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
  • behavioural
  • cognitive
  • humanistic-existential
46
Q

psychoanalytic vs psychodynamic

A

__analytic = Freud’s original theory
__dynamic = post-Freudian theories

47
Q

Freud: structure

A
  • id = pleasure
  • ego = reality principle
  • superego = “conscience”, moral principle
  • intrapsychic conflicts
48
Q

intrapsychic conflicts

A

psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in individuals

49
Q

Freud: defense mechanism

A
  • intrapsychic conflict leads to anxiety
  • ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety
50
Q

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety

A
  • displacement
  • denial
  • projection
  • rationalization
  • repression
  • reaction formation
  • sublimination
51
Q

modern psychodynamic theories

A
  • recognize importance of unconscious
  • importance of childhood experiences (shaping adult personality)
  • agrees use of defense mechanisms to control anxiety and stress
    BOWBLY + MAHLER PROPOSED THAT NEED TO BE LOVED AND ACCEPTED IS OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE IN CHILDHOOD
52
Q

psychodynamic therapies

A
  • psychoanalysis
  • interpersonal psychotherapy
  • brief psychodynamic therapy
53
Q

psychoanalysis

A

to uncover material blocked from consciousness

54
Q

interpersonal psychotherapy

A

links childhood experiences with current relational patterms

55
Q

brief psychodynamic therapy

A
  • focus on pas relationship issues
  • how they affect current emotional and relationship experiences
56
Q

critiques of psychodynamic models

A
  • little empirical evidence support Freud’s original ideas
  • dev does not stop in childhood
  • people usually remember traumatic events, instead of repressing it
  • fails to address cultural and social influence
  • may not be useful with certain people (less talkative)
  • far fewer outcome studies exist compared to other models
57
Q

behavioural models

A
  • AB are learned behaviours
  • learning occurs through
    1. classical conditioning (Pavlov)
    2. operant conditioning (Skinner)
    3. modelling/observational learning (Bandura)

refer to slides for examples of these kinds of learning

58
Q

modeling/observational learning

A
  • learning through observation alone, without directly experiencing an reconditiond stimulus or reinforcement
  • observes rewards and punishments received by others
  • classic Bobo doll study
59
Q

modeling/observational learning: in psychopathology

A
  • anxiety (phobias)
  • substance use
  • aggression and misconduct
60
Q

behavioural therapies

A
  • exposure therapy = counterconditioning fear response
  • behavioural parent management
  • behavioural classroom management
  • social skills training = assertiveness training
61
Q

critiques of behavioural models

A
  • often neglect inner determinants of B
  • neglect sociocultural context in which B occur
62
Q

cognitive models

A
  • we are all active interpreters of a situation
  • focuses on how thoughts + info processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and B
63
Q

Albert Ellis: ABC therapy - irrational cognitive process

A
  1. activating event
  2. belief
  3. emotional and behavioural consequence
64
Q

Albert Ellis: ABC therapy - rational intervention

A
  1. activating event
  2. belief
  3. disputing intervention
  4. new effective philosophy
  5. new feelings
65
Q

Aaron Beck’s thoughts

A
  • psychological problems produced by negative views about self, others, and the future
  • schemas
  • basis for CBT
66
Q

schemas

A

underlying representation guiding info processing

67
Q

CBT

A
  • learn to identify maladaptive thoughts
  • recognize thoughts, feelings, behaviours are connected
  • gather evidence to support/refute negative thoughts
  • replace negative thoughts
  • interplay of learning and interpretations
68
Q

third wave CBT

A
  • also focus on cognitions and behaviours
  • doesn’t refute irrational/negative thoughts
  • holds non-reactive/nonjudgmental attention to emotions
    1. reduces power
    2. decrease distress
69
Q

critiques of CBT

A
  • reduces complex B to simple learning and interpretations (does not always incorporate biology)
  • which come first? problematic thoughts or depresssion?
  • cognitions are not observable phenomena
  • authority role of therapist
70
Q

critiques of CBT: authority role of therapist

A

power to identify irrational beliefs may be intimidating

71
Q

impact of CB models

A

strong evidence of benefits is improving
- depression
- eating disorders
- autism
- schizophrenia

72
Q

humanistic models

A
  1. suggest that all humans strive to fulfill their potential for good
  2. we seek to be creative and meaningful in our lives
    - m.d. arise when this goal is thwarted
  3. acknowledge free will
    - we make choices that dictate our distress levels
73
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological
  2. safety/security
  3. social
  4. ego
  5. self-actualization
74
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physiological

A

physical survival needs: water, food, sleep, warmth, exercise, etc.

75
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: safety/security

A
  • physical safety
  • economic security
  • freedom from threats
76
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: social

A
  • acceptance
  • part of group
  • identification with successful team
77
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: ego

A
  • important projects
  • recognition from others
  • prestige and status
78
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: self-actualization

A
  • challenging projects
  • opportunities for innovation and creativity
  • learning at high level
79
Q

Carl Roger’s thoughts

A
  • people naturally strive for self-actualization, full potential
  • anxiety occurs where there are discrepancies between self-perception and ideal self
  • client-centered therapy
80
Q

client-centered therapy

A
  • human need for unconditional positive
  • empathy
  • provides an accepting therapeutic environment to reactivate potential for self-actualization
81
Q

existential perspectives

A
  • focus on all universal challenges encountered by all humans
  • unhappiness and psychopathology stem from avoidance of important life challenges
82
Q

existential therapy

A
  • clients become aware of choices they have made
  • consider ways in which their freedom is impaired
  • help people become intentional in directing their lives
83
Q

critiques of humanistic models

A
  • many concepts = abstract/untestable
  • self-awareness does not necessarily lead to change
  • inability to address those with severe disorders
  • does not address cultural diversity/social factors
  • more effective for those who are verbal, intelligent, etc.
84
Q

impact of humanistic models

A
  • focus on human choice and growth
  • empathy and positive regard = important
  • Carl Rogers advocated for empirically evaluating therapy outcomes -> originating field of psychotherapy research
85
Q

social factors

A
  • how others can influence our B and emotions
86
Q

assumptions of social factors

A
  • healthy relationships = important for human dev and functioning
  • when relationships = dysfunctional/absent, increase in vulnerability to mental distress
87
Q

family systems model

A
  • assumes B of one family member affects entire family system
  • m.d. reflects unhealthy family dynamics and poor communication
  • therapist must focus on family system, not just individual
88
Q

family therapy: conjoint

A

stresses importance of message-sending/receiving skills to family members

89
Q

family therapy: strategic

A
  • consider family power struggles
  • move toward more healthy distribution
90
Q

family therapy: structural

A
  • attempts to reorganize family relationships
  • assumes family dysfunction occurs when family have too little/too much involvement with one another
91
Q

common aspects of family therapy

A

focus on:
- communication
- equalizing power within the family
- restructuring the troubled system

92
Q

couples therapy

A

helps couples understand and clarify:
- communication
- expectations
- roles
- needs

93
Q

group therapy

A
  • individuals share certain life stressors and m.d.
  • allows participants to:
    1. become involved in social situation
    2. develop communication skills
    3. feel less isolated
94
Q

critiques of social-relational methods

A
  • studies = not rigorous in design
  • family systems model may have negative consequences
  • cultural diversity not adequately addressed
95
Q

socio-cultural factors

A

emphasize importance of:
- gender identification
- sexual orientation
- religious preference
- socioeconomic status
- other

96
Q

gender factors

A
  • higher prevalence of many m.h. conditions among women
97
Q

gender factors causes

A
  • socialization processes emphasizing importance of physical appearance
  • women may be ore subjected to societal stress than men
  • increased risk of physical and sexual victimization
  • gender challenges often accentuated for women of colour
98
Q

socioeconomic status SES

A

low SES associated with multiple stressors
- lower wage, unemployment, unstable employment
- housing and food insecurity
- limited access to healthcare
multilevel interventions necessary to reduce chronic env. stressors

99
Q

immigration and acculturative stress

A

psychological, physical, social pressures associated with moving to new country
- adapt to new culture
- acculturation conflicts between family members
- educational, language, employment challenges
- fears surrounding deportation/family-separating policies
- loss of status and sense of powerlessness
- sometimes hostile reception from gov and public

Psychopathology PSYC 340 (14 decks)

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