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Psychopathology PSYC 340 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

psychology as science

A
  • general public regard psychology’s scientific status with skepticism
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2
Q

why is it concerning that psychology’s scientific status is questioned?

A
  • may render would-be consumers reluctant to seek out clinical services
  • lack of recognition may contribute to psychology,s lack of funding
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3
Q

scientific method

A

systematically generate knowledge through data collection, controlled observation, testing hypotheses

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4
Q

hypothesis

A
  • tentative explanation for certain facts/observations
  • falsifiability (hypothesis can’t be refuted)
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5
Q

operational definitions

A

concrete definitions of variables you are studying

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6
Q

theory

A

group of principles and hypotheses that explain an area of inquiry

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7
Q

replicability

A

repeating results under similar test conditions

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8
Q

evaluating psychopathological research

A
  1. systematic reviews and meta-analysis
  2. randomized controlled trials
  3. quasi-experiment
  4. cohort study
  5. case-control study
  6. surveys, case reports
  7. editorials, expert opinions
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9
Q

statistical significance

A
  • tells you whether findings are due by chance
  • testing null hypothesis
  • pvalue = probability that null hypothesis is correct, type 1 error
  • reject null, accept alternative hypothesis
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10
Q

idiographic research

A
  • person-centered
  • detailed understanding of individual
  • i.e. case studies + qualitative measures
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11
Q

nomothetic research

A
  • variable-centered
  • uncover basic principles or laws
  • measuring a group of people on a number of variables
  • i.e. correlation and experiments
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12
Q

experiment

A
  • allows to draw conclusions about causal relationship between variables
  • refer to SMART trials on slide 17, class 7
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13
Q

experiment: components

A
  • experimental hypothesis
  • manipulation of IV
  • measurement of DV
  • compare groups on DV
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14
Q

experiment: random assignment to groups

A
  • experimental group
  • control group
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15
Q

importance of control group

A
  • account for confounds + 3rd variables
  • placebo effect
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16
Q

placebo effect

A

single-masked/single-blind
- participant = unaware of experimental conditions
double-masked/double-blind
- both participant and researcher unaware of experimental conditions

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17
Q

internal validity

A

extent to which effect can be confidently attributed to manipulation of IV (cause, effect)

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18
Q

external validity

A

can results be generalized beyond the study

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19
Q

ethical considerations

A
  • ethical to randomly sign? sometimes not feasible
  • what should comparison group be
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20
Q

correlational research

A
  • relationship between x and y
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21
Q

benefits of correlational research

A
  • complex relationships between multiple variables
  • ethically cannot assign people to conditions
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22
Q

limitations of correlational research

A
  • cannot infer causality
  • directionality
  • third variables and confounds
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23
Q

analogue studies

A
  • attempts to simulate real-life situation in controlled conditions
  • used when not possible to control all variables in real-life situations
  • used when ethical, legal, moral issues preclude other types of studies
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24
Q
  1. animal models to test neuro/chemical activity underlying a disorder
  2. include panic symptoms in a lab
  3. simulate therapy conversation and assess trust
    are examples of _____
A

analogue studies

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25
Q

field studies

A
  • B and events are observed/recorded in their natural environment
  • main technique is observation
  • must avoid disrupting the natural envrionment
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26
Q

limitations of field studies

A
  • no info on causality
  • difficult to control variables
  • observers can never be certain that their presence did not influence the interactions they observed
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27
Q

single-participant study

A

in-depth study of 1 person

28
Q

single-participant study: uses

A
  • detailed descriptions
  • helpful for examining rare ir unusual phenomenon
  • can serve as evidence to refute universal theory/law
  • can help generate new hypotheses
  • can facilitate psychotherapy training
29
Q

single-participant study: types

A
  • case study
  • single-participant experiment
30
Q

case study

A
  • intensive study of one individual
  • observations, tests, historical/bibliographic info
  • can determine characteristics, course, outcome
31
Q

case study limitations

A
  • questions about the generalizability
  • data gathered often reflect theoretical perspective bias of investigator
  • do not typically provide reliable info about causes
32
Q

single-participant experiment

A
  • establish baseline, current B = control, introduce IV
  • raises questions about external validity
  • reversal design or ABAB design
  • multiple baseline study
33
Q

multiple baseline study

A

baslines on 2+ behaviours or same behaviour in 2+ settings = obtained before the experiment

34
Q

qualitative measures

A
  • interviews
  • focus groups
  • fieldnotes
  • ethnographic research
35
Q

qualitative measures uses

A
  • give voice to perspectives historically marginalized
  • examine issue in depth
  • serve as evidence to refute universal theory
  • generate new hypotheses
36
Q

limitations of qualitative measures

A
  • time-consuming
  • potentially low generalizability
37
Q

meta-analysis + systematic review

A
  • review of many studies to determine overall effects
  • studies included in meta-analysis
    1. have certain sample size or research design
    2. well- designed and use meaningful operational definitions
38
Q

limitations of meta-analysis and systematic review

A
  • results can be difficult to interpret
  • depend on selection of articles to review
39
Q

biological research strategies

A
  • endophenotypes
  • twin studies
  • genetic studies
  • study of the epigenetic processes
40
Q

endophenotypes

A
  • heritable
  • seen in family members who do not have the disorder
  • gene that never expressed itself
  • occurs more frequently in affected families than in general population
  • provides clues about genetic pathways to discover
41
Q

examples of endophenotypes

A
  • anatomical and chemical differences in the brain
  • eye tracking irregularities
42
Q

twin studies

A
  • MZ = 100% genes shared
  • DZ = 50% genes shared
  • concordance rate
43
Q

twin studies: concordance rate

A
  • odds of one twin having the disorder if the other has the disorder
  • higher concordance rate among MZ than DZ suggests genes DO play a role
  • HOWEVER twins also shared an environment
44
Q

twins raised apart helps the issue of _____

A

the environment confounding variable

45
Q

genetic linkage studies goal

A

determine whether disorder follows a genetic pattern

46
Q

genetic linkage studies: proband

A
  • person with the disorder
  • if individuals more closely related to proband are more likely to display disorder = disorder is genetically linked
  • refer to graph in notes
47
Q

genetic linkage studies: complications

A

complicated by varying degrees of penetrance

48
Q

genetic linkage studies: penetrance

A

proportion of individuals with a particular genotype who manifest the phenotype

49
Q

genetic linkage studies: complete penetrance

A

occurs when carrier always manifests characteristics associated with the gene

50
Q

genetic linkage studies: incomplete penetrance

A
  • rules for mental disorders
  • meaning the gene for a mental disorder does not inherently manifest itself no matter what
51
Q

epigenetic research

A

study environmental factors that influence whether or not a gene is expressed
- exposure to toxins, stress, early adversities
hypothesis that epigenetic changes can leave an imprint on eggs/sperm
- affects traits inherited by future generations

52
Q

animal models

A
  • allows for better control of variables
  • analysis across multiple generations
  • permits experimental procedures not practical to use on humans
  • refer to examples, slides 11, class 8
53
Q

epidemiological research

A

study rate/distribution of a disorder and health-related B in a given pop

54
Q

epidemiological research: goal

A

to control health and mental health problems

55
Q

epidemiological research: prevalence

A
  • % of individuals in targeted pop with a particular disorder during a specific period of time
  • the more people live (not die) with disorder, higher the prevalence rate
56
Q

epidemiological research: incidence

A
  • number of new cases of a disorder that appear in an identified pop within a specific period of time
  • data gathering methods include surveys and longitudinal research
57
Q

cohort study

A
  • follow at risk individuals with ad without exposure to variable
  • refer to drawing in notes
58
Q

cohort study: benefits

A
  • clarify temporality
  • examine multiple outcomes
  • best for studying rare exposures/causes
59
Q

cohort study: limitations

A
  • large sample necessary
  • long follow-up
  • $$$
  • not very good for outcomes
60
Q

case-control study

A
  • identify cases with disorder, match to control
  • compare histories of risk factors of disorder
  • refer to drawing in notes
61
Q

case-control study: benefits

A
  • relatively easy and inexpensive (especially if using existing records)
  • identify multiple risk factors
  • best for studying rare disorders
62
Q

case-control study: limitations

A
  • recall bias
  • may be difficult to find comparison group
  • cannot actively control confounding variables
63
Q

evidence-based treatment

A
  1. increasing emphasis on using evidence-based treatments
    - treatments that have been shown to be effective for specific disorders
  2. usually manualized
  3. usually brief in duration
  4. have been categorized by levels of support
  5. validity of EBT for minority group members is increasing
64
Q

clinicians and EBT

A
  • many do not use EBT
  • may use treatments with either NO SUPPORT or evidence that’s NOT EFFECTIVE
65
Q

clinicians and EBT: why not use it?

A
  1. concern about dehumanizing clients through the use of manuals
  2. find EBTs to be restrictive
  3. lack of government regulation
  4. lack of access to information
  5. resistance to changing approach after years of experience
  6. reliance on anecdotal evidence
66
Q

harmful treatments

A
  1. bootcamp (interventions for conduct disorder)
    - increases antisocial B
  2. critical incident stress debriefing
    - increases likelihood of developing PTSD
  3. DARE programs
    - increases intake of illicit substances
  4. DID-oriented therapy
    - induces development of alters
  5. facilitated communication
    - induces false memories
  6. grief counseling (for normal bereavement symptoms)
    - increases depressive symptoms
  7. recovered memory techniques
    - produces false memories
  8. scared straight
    - increases antisocial B

Psychopathology PSYC 340 (14 decks)

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