BIOLOGY > MODERN BIO > Flashcards

MODERN BIO Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

BIOCHEMISTRY

A

Branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and
related to living organisms.

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2
Q

DNA
STRUCTURE
(1953)

A

James Watson and Francis
Crick describe the double
helix structure of DNA.

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3
Q

GENETIC
CODE
CRACKING
(1960S)

A

The decoding of how
sequences of DNA are
translated into proteins.

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4
Q

HUMAN
GENOME
PROJECT
(2003)

A

The complete sequencing of
the human genome.

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5
Q

Discovered the
structure of DNA.

A

JAMES
WATSON &
FRANCIS
CRICK

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6
Q

Contributed to the discovery
of the DNA structure with her
X-ray crystallography work.

A

ROSALIND
FRANKLIN

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7
Q

What are the 4 major macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates. Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acid

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8
Q

__________ are polymers that are assembled
from single units called monomers

A

Macromolecules

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9
Q

Consists of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen atoms

(CH2O)n

Source of energy

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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10
Q

saccaride

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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11
Q

Greek word _______ which means
“sugar”.

A

“sakkharon”

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12
Q

single sugar molecule, building blocks for the more
complex carbohydrates

C6 H12 O6

A

MONOSACCHARIDES ( SIMPLE SUGARS )

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13
Q

EXAMPLES OF
MONOSACCHARIDES

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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14
Q

Two monosaccharide
molecules bonded
together

C12 H22 O11

A

DISACCHARIDES (DOUBLE SUGARS )

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15
Q

EXAMPLES OF
DISACCHARIDES

A

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

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16
Q

Formed of three or
more simple sugar
units

A

POLYSACCHARIDE ( MANY SUGARS )

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17
Q

Starch

A

EXAMPLES OF
POLYSACCHARIDES

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18
Q

Breaking down glucose
(sugar) to make energy.

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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19
Q

Storing extra glucose as
glycogen for later energy
needs.

A

GLYCOGENESIS

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20
Q

Breaking down stored
glycogen to release
glucose when energy is
needed.

A

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

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21
Q

Making new glucose from
non-carbohydrate sources
when carbs are low.

A

GLUCONEOGENESIS

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22
Q

the most diverse biological
molecule, are chains of amino acids

A

PROTEINS

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23
Q

are made of carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, hydgrogen.

A

AMINO ACIDS

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24
Q

THE SIMPLEST AMINO ACID IS
CALLED ________

A

GLYCINE

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25
mostly carry out all numerous chemical reactions which take place within a cell
ENZYMES
26
the increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule, an "enzyme”
ENZYME CATALYSIS
27
also help in regenerating and creating DNA molecules and carry out complex processes.
HORMONES
28
known as an immunoglobulin, a type of protein which is majorly used by the immune system to repair and heal the body from foreign bacteria
ANTIBODY
29
major source of energy that helps in the movements of our body
ENERGY
30
The sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain
PRIMARY
31
Can either be a Alpha helix or Beta sheet
SECONDARY
32
Alpha helices is due to hydrogen bonds forming between oxygen of the -CO group of one amino acid and the hydrogen of the -NH group of the amino acid four places ahead of it
SECONDARY - ALPHA HELIX
33
Hydrogen bonds are strong enough to hold the α-helix and β-pleated sheet, but are eassily broken in high temperature and chanes in pH.
SECONDARY - BETA SHEETS
34
Protein coils that form in a 3d shape
TERTIARY
35
formed between strongly polar groups like -NH -CO-, and -OH. Broken by changes in temperature or change in pH
HYDROGEN BONDS
36
formed between two cysteine molecules which contain sulfur atoms. Can be broken by reducing agents
DISULFIDE BONDS
37
formed between ionized amine (NH2+) and ionised carboxylic acid (COO) groups. They can be broken by pH changes
IONIC BONDS
38
form between non-polar side groups
HYDROPHOBIC BONDS
39
also influences the three-dimensional shape of the protein and is formed through the side-chain interactions between two or more polypeptides
QUARTENARY
40
They curl up so that their nonpolar (hydrophobic) groups are in the centre while the hydrophilic groups are on the outside
GLOBULAR
41
Their molecules do not curl into a ball shape. Instead they form long strands
FIBROUS
42
consumes more of a cell’s energy than any other metabolic process. account for more mass than any other macromolecule of living organisms.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION)
43
A _______ is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that cor responds with a specific amino acid or s top signal dur ing protein synthes i s
CODON
44
a three-nucleot de sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence.
ANTI-CODON
45
regulate protein folding by targeting specific subcellular compartments, interacting with ligands or other proteins, or by bringing about a change in their functional state including catalytic activity or signaling
PROTEIN FOLDING AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS
46
The levels of proteins within cells are determined not only by rates of synthesis but also by rates of degradation. The half-lives of proteins within cells vary widely and differential rates of protein degradation are an important aspect of cell regulation.
PROTEIN DEGRADATION (UBIQUITIN - PROTEASOME PATHWAY)
47
76 amino acid protein that is used to mark proteins for degradation in a process called ubiquitination.
UBIQUITIN
48
formed between strongly polar groups like -NH -CO-, and -OH. Broken by changes in temperature or change in pH
UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYME (E1)
49
formed between two cysteine molecules which contain sulfur atoms. Can be broken by reducing agents
UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME (E2)
50
formed between ionized amine (NH2+) and ionised carboxylic acid (COO) groups. They can be broken by pH changes
UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE (E3)
51
Fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are essential to many body functions and serve as the building blocks for all living cells.
LIPIDS
52
help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat.
LIPIDS
53
The most common type of lipid in our body and come from excess fats and oils in our diet. help store energy, insulate cells, and help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
TRIGLYCERIDES
54
are derivatives of triglycerides that consist of a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids, a phosphate group on the third carbon, and often an additional polar molecule.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
55
protection for cells and are a barrier for certain molecules.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
56
Controls the fluidity of cell membranes and exist as a component of sex hormones, such as estrogen, testosterone, and corticosteroids such as cortisol.
STEROIDS
57
A metabolic process that involves breaking down long fatty acids that have been converted to acyl-CoA chains into progressively smaller fatty acyl-CoA chains.
BETA-OXIDATION
58
Process involves synthesizing or creating new fat molecules from simpler precursors
LIPOGENESIS
59
Acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA.
ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLATION.
60
MalonylCoA is combined with Acetyl-CoA to form long chain fatty acids.
FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS.
61
The process of breaking down stored fat (fatty acid oxidation), specifically triglycerides
LIPOLYSIS
62
These carry genetic information and are involved in the synthesis of proteins.
NUCLEIC ACID
63
Two primary types of nucleic acids:
DNA AND RNA
64
The molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life. It is a double-stranded molecule made of nucleotides.
DNA ( DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)
65
Typically single-stranded and plays a crucial role in converting the genetic information from DNA into proteins.
RNA ( RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
66
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
TRANSCRIPTION
67
mRNA is translated into a protein at the ribosome with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
TRANSLATION
68
Building nucleotides from scratch using simple molecules.
De novo synthesis
69
Recycling nucleotides from degraded nucleic acids.
Salvage pathways
70
Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.
Semi-conservative mechanism
71
The process of making an identical copy of a DNA molecule
DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR
72
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA.
Initiation
73
RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA strand by adding complementary nucleotides.
Elongation
74
RNA synthesis stops when a terminator sequence is reached
Termination
75
Removal of introns (non-coding regions) and joining of exons (coding regions).
Splicing
76
Adding a cap and tail to protect the RNA and aid in translation
5' capping and 3' polyadenylation
77
A biochemical process that takes place inside of cells to transform food into energy and macromolecule building blocks.
METABOLISM
78
is the breakdown of complex molecules, to simpler ones.
CATABOLISM
79
involves the synthesis or combination of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy
ANABOLISM
80

BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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