Mods 14 + 15 Quiz

Question 1

Physical Development/Maturation

Answer 1

• biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
• relatively uninfluenced by experience
• sets basic course for development; experience adjusts it

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

• lack of neural connections is why our earliest memories seldom predate third birthdays
• studies confirm that avg. age of earliest conscious memory is 3.5
• by 4-5 we start to remember experiences
• although little is remembered before age 4, some memories exist

Question 3

Physical Development

Answer 3

• w/ minor exceptions, sequence of motor (physical) development is universal (roll over, sit, crawl, walk)
• 25% walk by 11 months, 90% by 15 months

Question 4

Jean Piaget

Answer 4

• revolutionized our understanding of children’s minds (they do not think like adults)
• a child’s mind develops through stages (8 y/o comprehends things a 3 y/o cannot)
• “Children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world”

Question 5

Schema

Answer 5

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (mental mold)

Question 6

Assimilation

Answer 6

intepreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas

Question 7

Accomodation

Answer 7

adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information (e.g. “big dog”, “hairy dog” rather than just doggy)

Question 8

Attachment (Mary Ainsworth)

Answer 8

an emotional tie w/ another person, shown in young children seeking closeness to a caregiver (sep. anxiety)

Question 9

Harry Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiment

Answer 9

monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourshing wire mother

Question 10

Critical Period

Answer 10

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 11

Imprinting

Answer 11

process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Question 12

Basic Trust (Erikson)

Answer 12

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w/ responsive caregivers (think: Genie)

Question 13

Self-Concept

Answer 13

a sense of one’s identity and personal worth

Question 14

Authoritarian

Answer 14

parents impose rules & expect obedience

Question 15

Permissive

Answer 15

submit to child’s desires, uses little punishment

Question 16

Authoritative

Answer 16

demanding & responsive; sets rules, but explains reasons & encourages open discussion

Question 17

Moral Thinking (Piaget)

Answer 17

believed that children’s moral judgements were built on their cognitive development (1932)

Question 18

Moral Thinking (Kohlberg)

Answer 18

agreed w/ Piaget and sought to describe the stages of moral development (1981, 1984) – posed moral dilemmas to children, adolescents, and adults and analyzed to develop “stages”

Question 19

3 Major Issues

Answer 19

• Nature v. Nurture
• Continuity v. Stages
• Stability v. Change

Question 20

3 Major Developmental Psychologists

Answer 20

Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson

Question 21

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 21

• sensorimotor (birth - 2): experiencing the world through senses and actions; object permanence, stranger anxiety
• preoperational (2 - 6): representing things with words and images; pretend play, egocentrism, language development
• concrete operational (7 - 11): thinking logically about concrete events and grasping concrete analogies; conservation, mathematical transformation
• formal operational (12 - adult): thinking about hypothetical scenarios and processing abstract thoughts; abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning)

Question 22

Kohlberg’s Moral Stages

Answer 22

• preconventional, conventional, postconventional (will be given on quiz!)

Question 23

Erikson’s Stage Theory

Answer 23

• infancy: basic trust v. mistrust
• early childhood: autonomy v. shame
• play age: initiative v. guilt
• school age: industry v. inferiority
• adolescence: identity v. confusion
• early adulthood: intimacy v. isolation
• adulthood: generativity v. stagnation
• old age: integrity v. despair