Mods 31-36

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

a measure of memore in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as a multiple-choice test

Question 4

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 4

the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well

Question 5

frontal lobe

Answer 5

houses short term memories: semantic and episodic

Question 6

hippocampus

Answer 6

a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 7

cerebellum (memory)

Answer 7

forms and stores implicit memories (classical conditioning)

Question 8

basal ganglia and memory

Answer 8

procedural memory

Question 9

amygdala (memory)

Answer 9

boosts activity in memory-forming areas to fight/flight

Question 10

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 10

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 11

flashbulb memory

Answer 11

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 12

semantic memory

Answer 12

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Question 13

episodic memory

Answer 13

the collection of past personal experiences that occured at a particular time and place

Question 14

priming

Answer 14

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 15

echoic memory

Answer 15

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 16

iconic memory

Answer 16

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 17

anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

an inability to form new memories

Question 18

retrograde amnesia

Answer 18

the inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Question 19

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 19

her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Question 20

concepts

Answer 20

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 21

creativity

Answer 21

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 22

grammar

Answer 22

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 23

language

Answer 23

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 24

receptive language

Answer 24

ability to understand what is being said

Question 25

aphasia

Answer 25

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage whether to broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

Question 26

critical period

Answer 26

a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

Question 27

Noam Chomsky

Answer 27

theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language

Question 28

sensory memory

Answer 28

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 29

short term memory (working memory)

Answer 29

the memory system in which information is held for a brief periods of time while being used

Question 30

long-term momory

Answer 30

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 31

relearning

Answer 31

a measure a memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Question 32

explicit memory

Answer 32

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

Question 33

automatic memory

Answer 33

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Question 34

effortful momory

Answer 34

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 35

parallel processing

Answer 35

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision; contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

Question 36

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Answer 36

a memory model which suggests that memory is formed through three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 37

context dependent memory

Answer 37

the theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place

Question 38

state-dependent memory

Answer 38

the theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind

Question 39

mood congruence

Answer 39

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Question 40

serial position effect

Answer 40

our tendency to recall best the last and first item in a list

Question 41

reconsolidation

Answer 41

neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval

Question 42

misinformation effect

Answer 42

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Question 43

source amnesia

Answer 43

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Question 44

components of creativity

Answer 44

1. expertise 2. imaginative thinking skills 3. a venturesome personality 4. intrinsic motivation 5. a creative environment

Question 45

divergent thinking

Answer 45

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

Question 46

convergent thinking

Answer 46

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 47

algorithmic thinking

Answer 47

the process of solving problems using a series of steps

Question 48

heuristics

Answer 48

mental rules of thumb that subjects develop to help make sense of the world around them

Question 49

mental set

Answer 49

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 50

confirmation bias

Answer 50

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 51

fixation

Answer 51

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Question 52

representative heuristic

Answer 52

occurs when we estimate the probability of an even based on how similar it is to a known situation

Question 53

availability heuristic

Answer 53

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Question 54

framing

Answer 54

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 55

belief perseverance

Answer 55

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited