Modules 37-54

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

instinct theory of motivation

Answer 2

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 3

arousal theory of motivation

Answer 3

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Question 4

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 4

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 5

James-Lange Theory

Answer 5

the principle that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Question 6

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 6

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Question 7

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Answer 7

physical arousal paired with a cognitive label-i.e., my heart is beating, my palms are sweating-it must be love!

Question 8

high road emotional response

Answer 8

occurs with complex love/hate emotions; stimulus traveled through the thalamus to the cortex to be analyzed before the response is sent

Question 9

low road emotional response

Answer 9

automatic and unconscious

Question 10

Paul Eckman

Answer 10

interested in the universality of facial expressions: facial expressions carry same meaning regardless of culture, context, or language. use of microexpressions to detect lying. typology of emotions

Question 11

stress

Answer 11

the reaction of the body and mind to everyday challenges and demands

Question 12

stressors

Answer 12

specific events or chronoc pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well-being

Question 13

biofeedback

Answer 13

the process of learning to control bodily states by monitoring the states to be controlled

Question 14

martin seligman

Answer 14

researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

Question 15

adaption-level phenomenon

Answer 15

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Question 16

relative deprivation

Answer 16

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Question 17

teratogens

Answer 17

agents, such as chemical and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 18

egocentric

Answer 18

self-centered

Question 19

object permanence

Answer 19

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved

Question 20

lev vygotsky

Answer 20

child development; investigates how culture & interpersonal communication communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research

Question 21

mary ainsworth

Answer 21

studied how different attachment styles affected kids

Question 22

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 22

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Question 23

harry harlow

Answer 23

studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

Question 24

gender roles

Answer 24

sets of behavioral societal expectations (norms) assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female

Question 25

gender identity

Answer 25

our personal sense of being male or female

Question 26

gender typing

Answer 26

the process of developing (learning) the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender

Question 27

androgyny

Answer 27

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

Question 28

transgender

Answer 28

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Question 29

neurocognitive disorders

Answer 29

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. in older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

Question 30

midlife transition

Answer 30

a period in middle adulthood when a person’s perspective on his or her life may change significantly

Question 30

drive-reduction theory

Answer 30

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the need and reduce tension and arousal

Question 30

achievement motivation

Answer 30

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Question 30

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 30

a theoretical organization of individuals needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence

Question 31

facial feedback effect

Answer 31

the tendency of facial expressions to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Question 32

behavioral feedback effect

Answer 32

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 33

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 33

seyle’s concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Question 34

tend-and-befriend response

Answer 34

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

Question 35

positive psychology perspective

Answer 35

a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness

Question 36

nature and nurture

Answer 36

our development is forced by the interrelationship of biological, and social-cultural forces

Question 37

continuity and change

Answer 37

the recognition that while many things change over time others continue, even if in modified forms

Question 38

stability-change issue

Answer 38

do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different people as we age?

Question 39

jean piaget

Answer 39

four stage theory of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
he said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accommodation

Question 40

secure attachment

Answer 40

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

Question 41

insecure attachment

Answer 41

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

Question 42

social connectedness

Answer 42

citizens’ involvement in groups and their relationships to their communities and families

Question 43

kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Answer 43

stages of moral reasoning which forms the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-conventional (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and the 6th stage (universal ethical principles)

Question 44

strange situation experiment

Answer 44

mary ainsworth experiment; observed children and mother during first six months ald later observed the 1 year old infants in strange situation

Question 45

erik erikson

Answer 45

8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the lifespan. each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting “who am I?”