Module 01: Introduction to Nursing

Question 1

This was dated way back when Florence Nightingale began to assume the great significance of providing a clean and healthy environment to achieve recovery of patients and continues up to present.

Answer 1

Nursing Theory

Question 2

How did Florence Nightingale envision nurses?

Answer 2

She envisioned nurses as a body of educated women who organized service and caring for wounded in wartime.

Question 3

Which war did Florence Nightingale serve in?

Answer 3

Crimean War

Question 4

What nursing school was established in London by Florence Nightingale to pioneer activities in nursing practice and education?

Answer 4

St. Thomas Hospital

Question 5

How did nursing start of as?

Answer 5

Vocational Course

Question 6

In this, nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through practice seen by Florence during her time. Other references note that this is a practice era dated before the curriculum era where to be a nurse can have a diploma for only 2 years under vocational.at

Answer 6

Apprenticeship Model

Question 7

The emphasis of this era are the courses included in nursing programs.

Answer 7

Curriculum Era

Question 8

The emphasis of this era is the role of nurses and what to research.

Answer 8

Research Era

Question 9

The emphasis of this era is carving out an advanced role and basis for nursing practice.

Answer 9

Graduate Education Era

Question 10

The emphasis of this era is how there are many ways to think about nursing.

Answer 10

Theory Era

Question 11

The emphasis of this era are the nursing theory guides research, practice, education, and administration.

Answer 11

Theory Utilization Era

Question 12

What years did the Curriculum Era happen?

Answer 12

1900s to 1940s

Question 13

What years did the Research Era happen?

Answer 13

1950s to 1970s

Question 14

What years did the Graduate Education Era happen?

Answer 14

1950s to 1970s

Question 15

What years did the Theory Era happen?

Answer 15

1880s to 1990s

Question 16

What years did the Theory Utilization Era happen?

Answer 16

21st Century

Question 17

What is the major question of the Curriculum Era?

Answer 17

What curriculum content should nurses study to be nurses

Question 18

What is the major question of the Research Era?

Answer 18

What is the focus for nursing research?

Question 19

What is the major question of the Graduate Education Era?

Answer 19

What knowledge is needed for the practice of nursing?

Question 20

What is the major question of the Theory Era?

Answer 20

How do these frameworks guide research and practice?

Question 21

What is the major question of the Theory Utilization Era?

Answer 21

What new theories are needed to produce evidence of quality care?

Question 22

The goal of this era is to develop specialized knowledge and higher education.

Answer 22

Curriculum Era

Question 23

The goal of this era to create isolated studies that do not yield unified knowledge.

Answer 23

Research Era

Question 24

The emerging goal of this era to focus graduate education on knowledge development.

Answer 24

Graduate Education Era

Question 25

The emerging goal of this era to create theories that can guide nursing research and practice.

Answer 25

Theory Era

Question 26

The goal of this era to formulate nursing frameworks produce knowledge (evidence) for quality care.

Answer 26

Theory Utilization Era

Question 27

What is the outcome of the Curriculum Era?

Answer 27

Standardized curricula for diploma programs

Question 28

What is the outcome of the Research Era?

Answer 28

Problem studies and studies of nurses

Question 29

What is the outcome of the Graduate Education Era?

Answer 29

Nurses have an important role in health care

Question 30

What is the outcome of the Theory Era?

Answer 30

Nursing theoretical works shift the focus to the patient

Question 31

What is the outcome of the Theory Utilization Era?

Answer 31

Middle-range theory may be from quantitative or qualitative approaches

Question 32

Fawcett classified nursing models as paradigms with in a more organized or specialized meta-paradigm of: (PEHN)

Answer 32

(1) Person (2) Environment (3) Health (4) Nursing Concepts

Question 33

In the beginning of the 20th century, was nursing recognized as an academic discipline or a profession.

Answer 33

No

Question 34

This is specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge. Moreover, this is a branch of education or theoretical works leading to higher level of education and practice.

Answer 34

Discipline

Question 35

What is the focus of discipline?

Answer 35

What nurses do?

Question 36

These three factors form the basis of nursing as a discipline? (KEH)

Answer 36

(1) Knowledge of Persons (2) Environment (3) Health

Question 37

This term pertains to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities.

Answer 37

Profession

Question 38

These two factors form the basis of nursing as a profession? (KN)

Answer 38

(1) Knowledge of that discipline (2) Accompanying practice abilities.

Question 39

What is the Criteria for the Development of the Professional status of Nursing?

Answer 39

(1) Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge. (2) Constantly enlarges the knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service thru scientific method. (3) Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/ colleges. (4) Applies knowledge in practical services important to community welfare. (5) Functions autonomously in developing professional policy. (6) Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of intensifying service. (7) Strives to compensate nurses by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.

Question 40

This is concerned with the theory of knowledge in philosophical inquiry or how knowledge came to be, or it is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature & scope of knowledge.

Answer 40

Epistemology

Question 41

What is the root word of epistemology?

Answer 41

Episteme = knowledge and Logos = Study of

Question 42

This philosophical foundation of reasoning utilizes deductive (cause to effect or general to particular). It uses rational senses in ensuring the truthfulness of a phenomenon.

Answer 42

Rationalism

Question 43

In rationalism, this is regarded as the chief source & test of knowledge

Answer 43

Reason

Question 44

This approach refers to any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification

Answer 44

Theory-the-research approach

Question 45

In rationalism, criterion of truth is not sensory but ______________ and ________________.

Answer 45

Intellectual and deductive

Question 46

This is a theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience or rather knowledge is based on experience.

Answer 46

Empiricism

Question 47

This is the approach according to Reynolds in which information is gathered first before the theory is deemed true.

Answer 47

Research-then-theory strategy

Question 48

Empiricism is characterized to be ___________.

Answer 48

Inductive

Question 49

In empiricism, this is classified to be fundamental part of scientific method

Answer 49

Experimentation

Question 50

This implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.

Answer 50

Theory

Question 51

Which word did the word theory emerged from?

Answer 51

Theoria

Question 52

What does the word theory mean?

Answer 52

(1) Usually means “mere guess” or unproved (2) Literally means “a vision” or “a beholding scene”

Question 53

According to them, theory is a set of statements that tentatively describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected & organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon

Answer 53

Powers & Knapp

Question 54

According to them, theory is internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions & propositions) that present a systematic view about a phenomenon & which is useful for description, explanation, prediction & control

Answer 54

Bodie & Chitty

Question 55

These are words or phrases that are used to represent the phenomenon observed or experienced. These are building blocks of theories or ideas used to describe and classify a phenomena.

Answer 55

Concepts

Question 56

This is an independent of a certain time and place

Answer 56

Abstract

Question 57

This is more specific time or place

Answer 57

Concrete

Question 58

They belong or not belong to a particular categories or classes of phenomena

Answer 58

Discrete

Question 59

This categories of concept refers to classifications of dimensions or gradations of a phenomenon across a continuum. This refers to degrees or levels in a given continuum.

Answer 59

Continuous

Question 60

This is used to establish meaning.

Answer 60

Theoretical Definitions

Question 61

These refer to how these concepts are used or will be used within to provide the context of the phenomenon measurement.

Answer 61

Operational Definition

Question 62

What are the ten (10) phases of Concept Building Process?

Answer 62

(1) Write a meaningful practice story. (2) Name the central phenomenon in the practice story. (3) Identify a theoretical lens for viewing the phenomenon. (4) Link the phenomenon to existing literature. (5) Gather a story from someone who has lived the phenomenon. (6) Reconstruct the shared story and create mini-saga that captures its message (7) Identify the core qualities of the phenomenon. (8) Use the core qualities to create a definition. (9) Create a model of the phenomenon (10) Write a mini synthesis that integrates the phenomenon with a population to suggest research direction.

Question 63

These are statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among concepts

Answer 63

Relational Statements

Question 64

These statements relate concepts to one another; permit analysis

Answer 64

Theoretical Statements

Question 65

These statements relate concepts to measurements

Answer 65

Operational Statements

Question 66

This linkage provide rationale of why theoretical statements are linked; add plausibility.

Answer 66

Linkages of theoretical statements

Question 67

This linkage provides rationale for how measurement variables are linked; permit testability.

Answer 67

Linkages of operational statements

Question 68

This linkage eliminates overlap (tautology).

Answer 68

Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms

Question 69

This linkage eliminates inconsistency.

Answer 69

Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations

Question 70

A statement of fact that aims to explain, in brief and simple terms, an action or set of actions. This is generally accepted to be true and universal and can occasionally be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation

Answer 70

Scientific Laws

Question 71

What are the four characteristics of a scientific law?

Answer 71

(1) Simple (2) True (3) Absolute (4) Universal

Question 72

This governs a single action, foundations for all science.

Answer 72

Scientific Law

Question 73

This is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe

Answer 73

Scientific Law

Question 73

This always applies under same conditions, & implies that there is a causal relationship involving its elements

Answer 73

\/Scientific Law

Question 73

This is more complex & dynamic; maybe replaced. This explains an entire group. This can be changed or improved without changing the overall truth

Answer 73

Theory

Question 74

Theory is developed from where?

Answer 74

Scientific Method

Question 75

What are the three characteristics of theory?

Answer 75

Accepted, True, and Proven

Question 76

This is characterized as an educated guess based upon observation. This can be supported or proven false by experimentation or continued observation

Answer 76

Hypothesis

Question 77

This proposed framework is now used without reference to the author for the development of nursing science

Answer 77

Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science

Question 77

In this, theory-testing research may lead one nursing theory to fall aside as a new theory is developed that explains nursing phenomena more adequately; must continue to advance the discipline.

Answer 77

Nursing Theory, Practice and Research

Question 77

Based on the history of nursing, what ideology emerged as a dominant view of science?

Answer 77

Positivism

Question 78

Modern logical positivists believed that ________________ and _____________ were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.

Answer 78

Empirical Research and Logical Analysis

Question 79

In the early 20th century views, these people focused on the analysis of theory structure.

Answer 79

Philosophers

Question 80

In the early 20th century, what did scientists focus on?

Answer 80

Empirical Research

Question 80

This reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena independent of their particular context. This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences.

Answer 80

Phenomenological Approach

Question 81

These people view phenomena objectively, collect data and analyze it to inductively propose theory

Answer 81

Empircists

Question 82

In this historical era of nursing, theorists must be knowledgeable about available empirical findings and able to take these into account, because theory is concerned with organizing and formalizing available knowledge of a given phenomenon.

Answer 82

Interdependence of theory and research

Question 83

It might be anticipated that social, economic, or political factors may influence scientific enterprise. It depends on the funds, popularity of certain ideologies.

Answer 83

Science as a social enterprise

Question 84

According to her, human beings do science.

Answer 84

Gale