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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING > Module 06: Shared Theories > Flashcards

Module 06: Shared Theories Flashcards

1
Q

These theories are developed in response to the psychoanalytic thought that a person’s destiny was determined early in life. It also emphasized a person’s capacity for self actualization (hopeful and optimistic perspective).

A

Humanistic Theories

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2
Q

He is known as the Father of humanistic psychology. He charged the discipline to examine human strengths and stress human virtue

A

Abraham Maslow

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3
Q

According to Maslow, this is the main concept as he believes that an individual is an active participant who strives for self-actualization

A

Motivation

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4
Q

What are the assumptions the Maslow’s Human Needs Theory?

A

(1) Man is a wanting being
(2) Needs have a definite hierarchy of importance
(3) Attention to all human needs in essential for motivation
(4) A satisfied needs does not act as a motivator. As one needs is satisfied, another replaces it

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5
Q

This is the deficiency needs, basic needs and they are essential for human survival. Must be satisfied for a person to turn attention the higher level needs

A

D motives

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6
Q

These are the higher level needs, includes self-esteem and self- actualization which are reflective of growth potential

A

B Motives

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7
Q

These are the basic needs for human life: food, shelter, clothing, rest, air, water, sleep and sexual satisfaction. They have priority over all other needs and cannot be postponed for long

A

Physiological Needs

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8
Q

They are connected with the psychological fear of loss of job, property, natural calamities. These type of needs lose their motivational potential when they are satisfied

A

Security/Safety Needs

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9
Q

This is the desire to stay in a group and members should accept him with love and affection

A

Social Needs

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10
Q

This pertains to the need to be respected and appreciated by others. This is the need to have power and finally a prestigious position. It includes self confidence, self respect and self competence.

A

Esteem Needs (B motives)

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11
Q

This is the desire to become what one is capable of
becoming.

A

Self Actualization Needs

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12
Q

Characteristics of self actualization needs:

A

(1) Realistic Orientation
(2) Spontaneity
(3) Acceptance of Self
(4) Acceptance of Others
(5) Close relationship with others
(6) Autonomous thinking
(7) Appreciation of Life
(8) Reactivity to others
(9) Consideration of Others
(10) Respect for others

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13
Q

He developed the psychosocial development theory.

A

Erik Erikson

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14
Q

Explain the Ego Development Theory.

A

(1) It emerged as an expansion of Freud’s concept of Ego
(2) A person’s life from birth to death are formed by social influences that interact with the physical/psychological maturing organism

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15
Q

This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Hope, Maldevelopment, and Withdrawal. An example of this is a secure environment provided by the caregiver, with regular access to affection and food

A

Infancy period: Trust and Mistrust (Oral Stage)

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16
Q

This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Will, Maldevelopment, and Compulsion. In this, the caregiver promotes self-sufficiency while maintaining a secure environment

A

Early Childhood period: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Anal Stage)

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17
Q

This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Purpose, Maldevelopment and Inhibition. In this, the caregiver encourages, supports, and guides the child’s own initiatives and interests

A

Play Age Period: Initiative vs Guilt (Genital Stage)

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18
Q

This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Competence, Maldevelopment, and Inertia (passivity). In this, reasonable expectations set in school and at home, with praise for their accomplishments

A

School Age Period: Industry vs Inferiority (Latency Age)

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19
Q

This adolescence stage in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Fidelity, Maldevelopment: Repudiation. In this, the individual weighs out their previous experiences, societal expectations, and their aspirations in establishing values and ‘finding themselves.’

A

Adolescence Period: Identity vs Identity Confusion

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20
Q

This stage of young adulthood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Love, Maldevelopment: Distantiation. In this, the individual forms close friendships or long term partnership.

A

Young Adulthood Period: Intimacy vs Isolation

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21
Q

This stage of young adulthood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Care, Maldevelopment: Rejectivity. This pertains to the engagement with the next generation through parenting, coaching and teaching.

A

Adulthood period; Generativity vs Stagnation or Self Absorption

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22
Q

This stage of adulthood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Wisdom, Maldevelopment: Disdain. An example of this is the Contemplation and acknowledgment of personal life accomplishments

A

Old Age Period: Integrity vs Despair

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23
Q

Who proposed the theory of moral development?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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24
Q

What are the three (3) Levels of moral development?

A

(1) Preconventional level
(2) Conventional level
(3) Post conventional level

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25
Q

At this level the child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong, but interprets these labels in terms of either the physical or the hedonistic consequences of action.

A

Preconventional Level

26
Q

In this, avoiding punishment and unquestioning deference to power

A

STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT AND OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION

27
Q

In this, the right action consists of that which instrumentally satisfies one’s own needs and occasionally the needs of others.

A

STAGE 2: INSTRUMENTAL RELATIVIST ORIENTATION

28
Q

At this level, maintaining the expectations of the individual’s family, group, or nation is perceived as valuable in its own right, regardless of immediate and obvious consequences.

A

Conventional Level

29
Q

In this, good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them.

A

STAGE 3: THE INTERPERSONAL CONCORDANCE
OF ”GOOD BOY-NICE GIRL” ORIENTATION.

30
Q

In this stage, Right behavior consists of doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority and maintaining the given social order for its own sake.

A

STAGE 4: THE LAW AND ORDER ORIENTATION.

31
Q

In this stage, there is a clear effort to define moral values and principles which have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups

A

Post conventional, Autonomous or Principled Level

32
Q

In this stage, stage action needs to be defined in terms of general individual rights and in terms of standard which have been examines and agreed upon. Free agreement and contract is the binding element of obligation

A

STAGE 5: THE SOCIAL CONTRACT LEGALISTIC ORIENTATION.

33
Q

In this, right is defined by the decision of conscience in
accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality and consistency

A

STAGE 6. THE UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE ORIENTATION.

34
Q

This is used to explain disease and disability caused by multiple factors

A

Web of Causation

34
Q

Who proposed the theory of web of causation?

A

(1) Brian McMahon
(2) Thomas Pugh
(3) Johannes Ipsen

35
Q

How is the web of causation stemmed?

A

Stemmed from the understanding that chronic diseases are not attributed to one or 2 factors alone but due to interaction of multiple factors. This leads to a recognition that there are rarely simple solutions to these health problems

36
Q

Who proposed the Gate Control Theory?

A

Ronald Melzack and Patrick D Wall

37
Q

This theory explains the relationship between pain and emotion. It found out that pain is not just a physiologic response but psychological variables influence its perception

A

Gate Control Theory

38
Q

Why is the gate control theory important?

A

It serves as a convenient and useful way to explain to patients what pain is, why and how it fluctuates from day to day

39
Q

Explain the mechanism of the gate control theory.

A

(1) A gating mechanism in the spinal dorsal horn
(2) From the periphery of the body, pain impulses are transmitted through A, Delta and C nerve fibers
(3) The impulses travel to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord specifically in the SG (substantia gelatinosa)
(4) SG can inhibit (close the gate) or facilitate (opens the gate) pain conduction
(5) When the gate is open, impulses will travel to the brain
(6) Similar mechanisms exist in the descending nerve fibers from thalamus and cerebral cortex

40
Q

Who proposed the General Systems Theory?

A

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

41
Q

These are composed of both structural and functional components that interaction within a boundary

A

Systems

42
Q

These are open as there is an ongoing exchange of matter, energy and information

A

Living systems

43
Q

This element of a system is the matter, energy and information received from the environment

A

Input

44
Q

This element of a system is the matter, energy and information that is modified or transformed within the system

A

Throughput

45
Q

This element of system is the matter, energy and information that is released from the system into the environment

A

Output

46
Q

This is the information regarding the environmental
responses used by the system

A

Feedback

47
Q

This is a unit that is greater than the sum of its parts (wholeness). This has boundaries that permit exchange of information and resources both into (inputs) and out of (outputs) the system (boundaries can also hinder or block exchange processes).

A

System

48
Q

A system comprises ________________-

A

subsystems (hierarchically “nested”).

49
Q

These are the mechanisms between system parts are essential for system function.

A

Communication and feedback

50
Q

This is a change in one part leads to change in the whole system

A

(circular causality).

51
Q

This is a system goal or end point can be reached in different ways

A

(equifinality).

52
Q

Who proposed the planned change theory?

A

Kurt Lewin

53
Q

This theory provides a basis for considering the process of planned change (occurs by design)

A

Planned Change Theory

54
Q

This concept in the planned changed theory is viewed as a system

A

Field

55
Q

This concept in the planned change theory is the directed entity that has the characteristics of direction, focus, and strength.

A

Force

56
Q

This is a move from the status quo that results in a disruption in the balance of forces

A

Change

57
Q

What are the two (2) Forces involved in change, which should be identified and accentuated or minimized

A

(1) Driving Forces
(2) Restraining Forces

58
Q

In this stage, individuals must be informed of the need
for change and should agree that the change is needed . Change is usually viewed by most individuals as stressful and unnecessary

A

Unfreezing the status quo

59
Q

In this stage, Driving forces should excess restraining forces during movement. The change agent should recognize that change takes time and accomplished gradually

A

Change

60
Q

This stage is where stabilization occur and change is
assimilated into the system

A

refreezing phase,

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING (10 decks)

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