Module 02: Cells and Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
These are delineated as the smallest denominator of biotic organisms.
A
Cells
2
Q
What are the basic tenets or postulates of the modern cell theory by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann?
A
(1) All cells are generated from preexisting cells.
(2) All cells have comparable biomolecules and biochemical reactions.
(3) All cells are constituted of a genetic material that is conveyed from one to another.
3
Q
This organelle is a thin selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the interior surface of the cell; thus, delimiting it from the external environment. It is comprised of water-soluble molecules, such extrinsic and intrinsic proteins, nucleic acids, and fatty-acid-based lipids (phospholipids and sterols).
A
Plasma membrane
4
Q
This organelle is also known as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm, is delineated as the semifluid substance of a cell that is external to the nuclear membrane and internal to the cellular membrane.
A
Cytoplasm
5
Q
This organelle is a membrane-enclosed organelle enveloped by a double-membrane known as the nuclear envelope. Moreover, it enacts a salient role in controlling and regulating cellular mechanisms along with conveying genetic materials that contain hereditary information.
A
Nucleus
6
Q
This is constituted and underlies the interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Moreover, this denotes the fluid that envelopes the exterior surface of cells. Apart from that, the volume of this is determined by the balance between sodium intake and renal excretion of sodium.
A
Extracellular Fluid
7
Q
This extracellular fluid is the fluid between your tissues.
A
Interstitial Fluid
8
Q
This extracellular fluid is the fluid that runs in your brain and your spine which allows lubrication and nutrient transport.
A
Cerebrospinal Fluid
9
Q
These pertain to the substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva).
A
Cellular Secretions
10
Q
This is explicated as the most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides. Moreover, it is also an intricate network composed of an array of multidomain macromolecules organized in a cell/tissue-specific manner.
A
Extracellular matrix
11
Q
This constituent of the plasma membrane generates the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid + cholesterol).
A
Membrane Lipids
12
Q
This constituent of the plasma membrane compels the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function.
A
Membrane Proteins
13
Q
This constituent of the plasma membrane underlines glycoproteins and glycolipids. Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific biologicals markers.
A
Membrane Carbohydrates
14
Q
This constituent of the plasma membrane prods neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells.
A
Cell Junctions
15
Q
This generates the fundamental structure of the membrane. It is constituted of the hydrophobic tails that impede water-solute substances from permeating by engendering a boundary.
A
Phospholipids
16
Q
The integral intent of this is to deliberately stiffen the membrane and decrease its water solubility to resolutely backup its structure.
A
Cholesterol
17
Q
This is delineated as the primary determinant of the role of the membrane. One of its integral roles is to act as receptors for signal molecules and joining cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix.
A
Proteins
18
Q
These are explicated as short chains of linked monosaccharides and are employed as identity molecules that prod cells to recognize who is who. It is located on the exterior surface of the membrane and generate a coating known as the glycocalyx.
A
Carbohydrates
19
Q
What are the integral roles of the plasma membrane?
A
(1) Physical Barrier
(2) Selective Permeability
(3) Communication
(4) Cell Recognition
20
Q
In this integral role of the plasma membrane, a protein (left) that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute.. Some transport proteins (right) hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane.
A
Transport
21
Q
In this integral role of the plasma membrane, a membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site that fits the shape of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone. When bound, the chemical messenger may cause a change in shape in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the cell.
A
Receptors for signal trasnduction
22
Q
In this integral role of the plasma membrane, a membrane protein may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution. A team of several enzymes in a membrane may catalyze sequential steps of a metabolic pathway as indicated (left to right) here.
Glycoprotein
A
Enzymatic Activity
23
Q
In this integral role of the plasma membrane, some glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugars which help to make up the glycocalyx) serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells.
A
Cell-to-Cell Recognition
24
Q
In this integral role of the plasma membrane, membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intercellular junctions.
Some membrane proteins (cell adhesion molecules or CAMS) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions.
A
Cell-to-cell joining
25
In this integral role of the plasma membrane, the elements of the cytoskeleton (cell's internal framework) and the extracellular matrix (fibers and other substances outside the cell) may anchor to membrane proteins.
Moreover, this aids in maintaining cell shape, fixes the location of certain membrane proteins, and plays a role in cell movement.
Attachment of the Cytoskeleton and the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
26
This is delineated as a cellular transport in which substances such as ions and molecules move down their respective concentration gradients. It means that the substance tends to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Passive Transport
27
This passive transport pertains to lipid-soluble molecules diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids).
Simple Diffusion
28
This passive transports pertains to a conveyance either through a) binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins.
Facilitated Diffusion
29
This passive transport is prodded through protein carriers that are specific for one chemical. Moreover, in this, binding of solute engenders transport protein to change shape.
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
30
This passive transport transpires through a channel protein that are typically selected on basis of size and change.
Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
31
This passive transport pertains to the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane or a channel protein (aquaporin).
Osmosis
32
This refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume.
Tonicity
33
This form of tonicity pertains to the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells. Moreover, in this, they retain shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water
Isotonic
34
This form of tonicity pertains to higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell Moreover, they exhibit weight loss due to the deliberate loss of water and are prodded to either shrivel or crenate.
Hypertonic
35
This form of tonicity pertains to more dilute than cells. They are compelled to either plump or lyse.
Hypotonic
36
This form of transport entails transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances. This has the intrinsic faculty to convey solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy.
Active Transport
37
This is an active transport that has the integral capacity to transport substances against a concentration (or electrochemical) gradient.
OK+. In this, a pump protein moves substances across the plasma membrane. Moreover, this form of transport utilizes energy of ATP hydrolysis.
Primary Active Transport
38
This form of active transport is delineated as as cotransport (coupled transport) of two solutes across the membrane. In this, energy is supplied by the concentration gradient created by primary active transport. Moreover, symporters move the transported substances in the same direction; antiporters move transported substances in opposite directions across the membrane.
Secondary Active Transport
39
This is a vesicular transport wherein, a large external particle (proteins, bacteria, dead cell debris) is surrounded by a pseudopod ("false foot") and becomes enclosed in a vesicle (phagosome). Moreover, this occurs primarily in phagocytes (some white blood cells and macrophages).
Phagocytosis
40
This vesicular transport transpires when a plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet contains small solutes. In this, membrane edges fuse, forming a fluid-filled vesicle. Apart from that, it transpires in most cells and is important for taking in dissolved solutes by absorptive cells of the kidney and intestine.
Pinocytosis (fluid phase of endocytosis)
40
This vesicular transport pertains to external substance binding to membrane receptors.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
40
This vesicular transport pertains to vesicles pinching off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver or convey their cargo.
Vesicular trafficking
41
This vesicular transport pertains to the secretion or ejection of a substance from a cell. The substance is enclosed in a membranous vesicle, which fuses with the plasma membrane and ruptures, releasing the substance to the exterior.
Exocytosis
42
This is also delineated as voltage or rather the electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles
Membrane Potential
43
The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradient of ____________, while __________ drive the extracellular concentration.
Potassium, Sodium (PISO)
44
These are explicated as cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
PRIMARY ROLES
(1) Utilized as an anchor to other molecules in the extracellular space
(2) Arms migrating cells employed to haul themselves past one another
(3) Signals that stick out from the blood vessel lining that rally WBCs to a nearby infected or injured area
(4) Mechanical sensors that transmit information about changes in the ECM
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMS)
45
These are delineated as diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites which enact integral roles chemical signaling and contact signaling.
Plasma Membrane Receptors
46
This transpires when cells aggregate or convene, touch and recognize one another. Moreover, this is salient in development and immunity.
Contact SIgnaling
47
This process transpires when a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.
Chemical Signaling
48
These are ions or neutral molecules that bond to a central metal atom or ion. Moreover, they have the intrinsic faculty to donate pair of electrons to the central metal atom or ion to form a coordination complex.
Ligands
49
This pertains to the signals from the nervous system.
Neurotransmitters
50
This pertains to the signals from the endocrine system.
Hormones
51
This pertains to the chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed.
Paracrine
52
How does a chemical signaling transpire?
(1) Ligand is sent out and binds to a specific receptor
(2) The receptor’s structure changes and cell proteins are altered
(3) Cell response
53
This is a regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme or 2) ion channel.
G-Protein
54
This is a type of plasma membrane receptor that act through G-protein to start a second messenger cascade. Moreover, it employs two (2) salient second messengers, which are 1) Cyclic AMP and Ionic Calcium and activates protein kinase enzymes.
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
55
This is a constituent of the cytoplasm that is usually describes as a viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
Cytosol
56
This is a constituent of the cytoplasm that is delineated as a metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins and generates ATP.
Organelles
57
This is a constituent of the cytoplasm that is delineated as chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments.
Inclusions
58
This is a cellular organelle that is deemed as the powerplant of the cell due to its integral faculty to generate ATP. Moreover, they Lozenge-shaped organelles that is constituted of its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes and able to reproduce themselves.
Mitochondria
59
This cellular organelle is delineated as the sites of protein synthesis. They are miniscule-dark staining granules composed of proteins and RNA.
RIbosome
60
This is a cellular organelle that is often described as an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
61
This is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted from cells. Moreover, they also generate integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
62
This is a type of endoplasmic reticulum constituted of integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
63
These cellular organelles modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids. Moreover, they are often delineated as stacked, flattened membranous sacs associated with tiny membranous vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
64
These are spherical membranous sacs or cellular organelles containing enzymes (numerous in kidneys and livers). Moreover, they integrally oxidase and catalases detoxify alcohol and formaldehyde and neutralize free radicals.
Perixome
65
These are spherical membranous organelles constituted of activated hydrolytic enzymes. Furthermore, they intrinsically digest all kinds of biological molecules including invading bacteria and cell debris.
Lysosomes
66
This pertains to a system of organelles that work together mainly to generate, degrade, store and export biological molecules alongside deliberately degrade potentially harmful substances.
Endomembrane System
67
This is an elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.
Cytoskeleton
68
These are cellular extensions that are delineated as whiplike, motile extensions that occur on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. Its actions move substances in one direction across the cell surfaces.
Cilia
69
These are projections formed by centrioles but longer. The only flagellated cell is a sperm which has one propulsive flagellum. It propels the cell itself
Flagella
70
These miniscule, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. Moreover, it augments the cell surface and and most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney
Microvilli
71
These cellular bodies do not have the faculty reproduce and therefore live in the bloodstream for only 3-4 months before they deteriorate.
Anucleate cells
72
This pertains to the series of alterations a cell is posed through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.
Cell Cycle
73
This is a cellular cycle phase characterized by increased cell size, DNA replication, and the cell's overall preparation for division.
Interphase
74
This is a sub-phase of interphase that pertains to the metabolically active cell, synthesizing proteins rapidly and growing vigorously, wherein duration is heeded as a variable.
G1 subphase (Gap 1)
75
This is a sub-phase of interphase that pertains to the replication of DNA to ensure 2 future cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material.
S subphase
76
This is a sub-phase of interphase, wherein the enzymes and other proteins are synthesized and the centriole replication is complete or procured.
G2 subphase (Gap 2)
77
This pertains to the division of the nucleus. Moreover, it also defined as the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells. It is constituted of:
(1) Prophase
(2) Metaphase
(3) Anaphase
(4) Telophase
MItosis
78
This pertains to the division of the cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
79
This is the segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.
Genetic Information (Gene)
80
This is a single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
81
What are the three (3) types of RNA?
(1) _______________: This carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs.
(2) ________________: These are 2 units that generate functional ribosomes which are sites of protein synthesis.
(3) ________________: These are ferry amino acids to the ribosomes.
(1) Messenger RNA
(2) Ribosomal RNA
(3) Transfer RNA
82
This form of disposal pertains to “self-eating," which sweeps up bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes then delivered to lysosomes for digestion.
Autophagy
83
This is attached to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes.
Ubiquitin proteins
84
This is programmed cell death. Moreover, it rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.
Apoptosis
85
During the development of cellular bodies, this may reflect chemical insults, progressive disorders of immunity, or a genetically programmed decline in the rate of cell division with age.
Cellular Aging
86
This is a group of comparable cells and materials surrounding them. The characteristic of the cells constituting them are focal determinants to its function.
Tissues
87
This tissue is constituted of sheets of cells that envelopes the exterior body surface or lines a body cavity, a boundary-forming tissue.
Epithelial Tissue
88
This patent characteristic of epithelial tissue pertains that some of its surface are smooth and slick, most have microvilli.
Apical Surface
88
An Epithelial Tissue is constituted of two (2) forms:
(1) __________________: This generates the outer layer of the skin, lines the cavities (urogenital, digestive and respiratory), and covers the walls and organs of the ventral cavity.
(2) ___________________: This fashions the glands of the body.
(1) Covering and lining epithelium
(2) Glandular epithelium
89
This pertains to the non-cellular, adhesive sheet consisting of glycoproteins that acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules are allowed to enter the epithelium.
Basal Lamina
90
This patent characteristic of epithelial tissues elucidates that cells fit together closely to form continuous sheets tied together by tight junctions and desmosomes.
Specialized Contacts
91
This patent characteristic of epithelial tissues elucidates that epithelial sheets rest upon connective tissue. In between the layers, is the basement membrane that reinforces the epithelium preventing it from stretching and tearing.
Supported by Connective Tissue
92
This patent characteristic of epithelial tissues elucidates that these tissues do not have no blood vessels but are constituted with nerve fibers.
Avascular but innervated
93
This pertains to the intrinsic capacity of epithelial tissues to be replaced by cell division.
Regeneration
94
This classification of epithelial tissue is found where absorption, secretion and filtration transpires.
Simple Epithelial Tissues
95
This classification of epithelial tissue has 2 or more layers and is common in high abrasion area such as lining of the mouth and skin surface.
Stratified Epithelial Tissues
96
This is a single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm. This is the simplest of the epithelia. Moreover, it allows disparate materials to permeate by diffusion and filtration secretes lubricating substances in serosae (linings of ventral body cavity).
Epithelium: Simple Squamous
97
This is a type of epithelium that is delineated as a single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical nuclei. Moreover, it is integral in secretion and absorption.
Epithelium: Simple Cuboidal
97
This is a type of epithelium that is delineated as a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei and is constituted of mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells). Moreover, it is salient in absorption, secretion of mucus, and generating ciliated type mucus by ciliary action.
Epithelium: Simple Columnar
98
This is a type of epithelium that is delineated as a single layer of cells differing of heights and is perceived at disparate levels, wherein it may be constituted of mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia. Apart from that, it is essential in the secretion and propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
Epithelium: Pseudostratified Columnar
99
This is a type of epithelium that is constituted of basal cells that are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active surface cells that are flattened (squamous). Moreover, this is essential in protecting underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Epithelium: Stratified Squamous
100
This is a type of epithelium that is comprised of basal cells that are cuboidal and columnar along with surface cells that are dome shaped or squamous-like depending on the degree of organ stretch. Apart from that, it has the capacity to stretch readily and permits stored urine to distend in the urinary organ.
Epithelium: Transitional
101
This consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.
Glands
102
This pertains to the product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins.
Secretion
103
This pertains to internal secretion.
Endocrine
103
This pertains to external secretion.
Exocrine
104
This glands generates hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs. Moreover, it is delineated to be structurally diverse and secretions also varies.
Endocrine Glands
105
This gland secretes their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include the liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others.
Exocrine Glands
106
What are the three types of duct structure?
(1) Simple Duct Structure: (a) Simple Tubular and (b) Simple Branched Tubular
(2) Compound Duct Structure: (a) Compound Tubular
(3) Alveolar Secretory Structure: (a) Simple Alveolar, (b) Simple Branched Alveolar, (c) Compound Alveolar, and (d) Compound tubuloalveolar
107
This tissue specializes in providing structure for the body. Moreover, it is also integral in binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances.
Connective Tissue
108
What is the common origin or fount of the connective tissue?
Mesenchyme (embryonic tissue)
109
What are the three (3) structural components of connective tissues?
(1) Ground Substance: Unstructured materials that fills the space between cells and fibers. (a) Interstitial Fluid, (b) Cell Adhesion Proteins, and (c) Proteoglycans.
(2) Fibers: (a) Collagen fibers, (b) Elastic fibers, and (c) Reticular fibers
(3) Cells: These has resident cell types that exists in immature (blast) and mature (cyte) forms. (a) Most cells, (b) Macrophages, (c) WBC, and (d) Osteoblasts.
110
This is a type of connective tissue that is typically delineated as a gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Furthermore, it is integral in wrapping and cushioning organs. Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria are salient in inflammation as well as holding and conveying tissue fluid.
Connective tissue Proper Loose Areolar
111
This type of connective tissue is explicated as a matrix, but very sparse and closely packed adipocytes or fa1 cells. Moreover, it has a nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Apart from that, it is salient in generating food fuel and insulating to impede heat loss.
Connective tissue Proper Loose Adipose
112
This type of connective tissue is described as a loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance, wherein reticular cells lie on the fibers. Moreover, in this, fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
Connective tissue Proper Loose Reticular
113
This type of connective tissue is explicated as parallel collagen fibers constituted with a few elastic fibers, wherein its major cell type is fibroblast. It has the capacity to attach muscle to bones (vice-versa) as well as withstand great tensile strength and pulling force.
Connective tissue Proper Dense Regular
114
This type of connective tissue is irregularly arranged collage fibers, wherein fibroblast is a major cell type. Moreover, it has the capacity to withstand tension exerted and provides structural strength.
Connective tissue Proper Dense Irregular
114
This type of connective tissue is dense and regular. It contains high proportion of elastic fibers. Moreover, it is integral because (1) it allows tissue to recoil after stretching, (2) maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries , and (3) aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.
Connective tissue Proper Dense Elastic
115
This is a type of connective tissue that is delineated to be amorphous but firm matrix constituted with collagen fibers that form an imperceptible network and chondroblasts that produce the matrix and when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Moreover, it serves as a resilient cushion and resists compressive stress.
Connective tissue Cartilage Hyaline
116
This type of connective tissue that is similar to the hyaline cartilage, but is perceived to have more elastic fibers in its matrix. Moreover, it has the faculty to maintain the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.
Connective tissue Cartilage Elastic
117
This type of connective tissue that is similar to but less firm than the hyaline cartilage. It is comprised of thick collagen fibers. Apart from that, its tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.
Connective tissue Cartilage Fibrocartilage
118
This type of connective tissue is a calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers along with osteocytes lie in lacunae. It is optimally vascularized. Moreover, it is integral in providing levers for the muscles to act on and acting as a storage for calcium.
Connective tissue Bone
119
This type of connective tissue is comprised of red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix. It is essential in transporting respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
Connective tissue Blood
120
This well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement. Moreover, it posses myofilaments with networks of actin and myosin that bring about movement or contraction.
Muscle Tissue
121
This is a muscle tissue that is long, cylindrical, and multinucleate. Moreover, it is integral for voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, and facial expression.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
122
This is a muscle tissue that pertains to branching and striated along with uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Moreover, it contracts and propels blood into the circulation.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
123
This is a muscle tissue that are spindle-shaped with a central nuclei and has no striations. Moreover, it propels substances or objects along internal passageways.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
124
This tissue specializes in generating action potentials for rapid communication
Nerve Tissue
125
These are high specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses which enables them to 1) respond to stimuli and 2) transmit electrical impulses.
Neurons
126
These are non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons.
Supporting Cells (Glial or Neuroglia)
127
These are continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue types (epithelium + connective tissue).
Membranes
128
What are the three (3) types of membranes?
(1) Mucus Membranes : Open to the exterior
(2) Cutaneous Membranes: Covering
(3) Serious Membranes: Close to the exterior
129
What are the steps of tissue repair?
(1) Inflammation sets the stage
(2) Organization restores the blood supply
(3) Regeneration along with the fibrosis effect for permanent repair
