Module 02: Pre-Colonial Period

Question 1

He is a Spanish Friar for the Franciscan order who was in the Philippines for most of his missiornary life. He also authored the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine) which was the first book ever printed in the Philippines.

Answer 1

Juan De Plasencia

Question 2

When and Where was Juan De Plascencia born?

Answer 2

16th century in Juan Portocarrero, Plasencia Extramadura, Spain

Question 3

What are some of Plascencia’s works?

Answer 3

(1) Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalog (1589)
(2) La Santina
(3) Un tomo de sermones varios en tagalog

Question 4

What is the mode of dressing of men in the pre-colonial period?

Answer 4

kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth)

Question 5

What colors were the kanggan and what did they symbolize?

Answer 5

Red pertains to authority, Blue or Black pertains to commoners

Question 6

This is known as the turban which also tell the social status/achievement of the individual wearing it

Answer 6

Putong

Question 7

What were the clothes of women in the pre-colonial period?

Answer 7

camisa (jacket with sleeves) and saya or patadyong (a long skirt);

Question 8

This is the piece of red or white cloth women wear on on top of their skirt

Answer 8

tapis

Question 9

What did the pre-colonial FIlipinos where for ornaments?

Answer 9

kalumbiga , pendants, bracelets, and leglets

Question 10

These ornaments were also fashionable for some pre colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a man’s war record

Answer 10

Tattoos

Question 11

This was the term coined by the Spaniards for the Visayans

Answer 11

Islas del Pintados

Question 12

These were built to suit the tropical climate. Moreover, this was made of
wood, bamboo, and nipa palm; it was built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that can be drawn up.

Answer 12

Bahay Kubo

Question 13

These pre-colonial FIlipinos built their houses on treetops.

Answer 13

Kalingas, Mandayas and Bagobos

Question 14

These pre-colonial FIlipinos built their houses on boats.

Answer 14

Badjaos

Question 15

This social class pertains to families of datu.

Answer 15

Noble

Question 16

This social class pertains to the freemen.

Answer 16

Maharlika or Mahadlika

Question 17

This social class pertains to the dependents.

Answer 17

Alipin

Question 18

How was the nobility addressed in the Tagalogs?

Answer 18

Gat or Lakan

Question 19

How do alipins acquire their title?

Answer 19

inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle
debts, or by committing a crime

Question 20

What were the two kinds of dependents?

Answer 20

aliping namamahay and aliping sagigilid

Question 21

What were the three kinds of Visayan dependents?

Answer 21

tumataban, tumarampok, and the ayuey

Question 22

What was the status of women in the pre-colonial period?

Answer 22

Women in pre colonial Philippine society had the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed to the chieftainship of the barangay in the absence of a male heir. They had the exclusive right to name their children

Question 23

Men in the pre colonial period in terms of marriage were _____________.

Answer 23

Monogamous

Question 24

Wives were called _____________, while friends were perceived as ___________.

Answer 24

Asawa; concubines

Question 25

Courtship begins with ________________.

Answer 25

Paninilbihan

Question 26

What are the conditions before marrying the girl?

Answer 26

(1) give a dowry or bigay kaya (2) pay the panghihimuyat (3) pay the wet nurse bigay suso (4) pay the parents himaraw (5) bribe for the relatives called sambon among the Zambals

Question 27

Once he had settled all of the above requirements, he brings his parents to meet with the bride to be’s parents to haggle and make the final arrangements; this is called

Answer 27

pamamalae or pamamanhikan or pamumulungan

Question 28

This is known as the first stage was called ______________; it was followed by the consultation with the girl’s parents, who relays their decision to the village chief, who in turn informed the suitor’s parents of the decision

Answer 28

pananalanguni or betrothal

Question 29

This is term used for the chief in Muslims

Answer 29

pedsungud

Question 30

This is the money given bride’s close relatives.

Answer 30

kawasateg

Question 31

This is the brassware given to those who helped arrange the wedding.

Answer 31

Siwaka

Question 32

This is the brassware or animals for the village chief.

Answer 32

Enduata

Question 33

This jewelry given to the bride’s mother and aunts

Answer 33

pangatulian

Question 34

This blade given to the girl’s uncle;

Answer 34

tatas

Question 35

This money given to the girl’s parents as fine for having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any;

Answer 35

langkad

Question 36

This is the amount of money given to the girl’s attendant.

Answer 36

Lekat

Question 37

In Muslim terms, this pertains to marriage

Answer 37

pegkawing

Question 38

The wedding ceremony of Muslims are headed by whom

Answer 38

Hadji

Question 39

This was the unit of government, which was composed of 30 - 100 families.

Answer 39

Barangay, which means balangay or boat

Question 40

The barangays were headed by chieftains called ______.

Answer 40

Datu

Question 41

This pertains to the tributes being paid in barangays.

Answer 41

Buwis or tax

Question 42

What was the role of the datu?

Answer 42

chief executive, judge, legislator, and supreme commander

Question 43

Alliances among barangays were common and these were formalized in a ritual called

Answer 43

Sangduguan

Question 44

These were used to deal with various subjects such as inheritance, property rights, divorce, usury, family relations, divorce, adoption, loans, etc. Those found guilty of crimes were punished either by fine or by death; some punishments can be considered as torture by modern standards

Answer 44

Laws

Question 45

Laws were either what?

Answer 45

were either customary (handed down from generation to generation orally) or written (promulgated from time to time as necessity arose)

Question 46

This process is where the chief consults with a council of elders who approved of his plan

Answer 46

Legislation

Question 47

This is the one who explains the law to everyone

Answer 47

umalohokan

Question 48

How do Judicial process happen in the court?

Answer 48

The accused and the accuser faced each other in front of the “court” with their respective witnesses. Both took an oath to tell the truth; most of the time, the one who presents the most witnesses wins the case

Question 49

This act is used to determine the innocence of an accused, he is made to go through a number of ordeals which he must pass

Answer 49

Trial by Ordeal

Question 50

What was the common ordeal among Ifugao's?

Answer 50

bultong (wrestling), alaw (duel)

Question 51

This god pertains to the Creator

Answer 51

Bathalang Maykapal

Question 52

This god pertains to the god of agriculture.

Answer 52

Idinayale

Question 53

This god pertains to the god of death,

Answer 53

Sidapa

Question 54

This god pertains to the god of rainbow,

Answer 54

Balangaw

Question 55

This god pertains to the god of war,

Answer 55

Mandarangan

Question 56

This god pertains to the god of fire.

Answer 56

Agni

Question 57

This god pertains to the goddess of harvest.

Answer 57

Lalahon

Question 58

This god pertains to the god of hell.

Answer 58

Siginarugan

Question 59

This god pertains to the goddess of love,

Answer 59

Diyan Masalanta

Question 60

Filipinos also venerated the dead by keeping alive their memory by carving idols of stone, gold or ivory called _______________-.

Answer 60

likha or larawan ;

Question 61

These were thought to be caused by the temper of the environmental spirits

Answer 61

Diseases

Question 62

These are the adored idols to whom they made their offerings.

Answer 62

anitos or diwatas

Question 63

They acted as mediums to communicate with these spirits

Answer 63

babaylan / baylana or katalona

Question 64

How did burials happen in the pre-colonial period>

Answer 64

The dead was placed in a wooden coffin and buried under the house complete with cloth, gold and other valuable things. Upon the death of the person, fires were made under the house and armed men acted as sentinels to guard the corpse from sorcerers

Question 65

They were were hired to accentuate the depth of mourning

Answer 65

professional mourners

Question 66

What was the mourning distinguished in men?

Answer 66

maglahi

Question 67

What was the mourning distinguished in women?

Answer 67

morotal

Question 68

This pertains to the mourning for a dead chief, and this was accompanied by certain prohibitions like engaging in petty quarrels, wars, carrying daggers with hilts in the normal position, singing in boats coming from the sea or river, and wearing loud clothes

Answer 68

laraw

Question 69

This is how the Tagalogs limited their nutrition to vegetables

Answer 69

Sipa

Question 70

Relatives of the dead who was murdered would not end their mourning until they have exacted vengeance or _______________.

Answer 70

Balata

Question 71

This is the celebration held on the ninth night after the death of the person

Answer 71

pasiyam

Question 72

This is the play is staged to honor the dead

Answer 72

tibaw

Question 73

Based on Divination and Magic Charms, these people were called fortune tellers.

Answer 73

pangatauhan , or soothsayers, to tell their fortunes

Question 74

Based on Divination and Magic Charms, FIlipinos believed in what creatures?

Answer 74

aswang, mangkukulam ,manggagaway, tiyanak, and the tikbalang

Question 75

What are some of the amulets of charms used by the Filipinos,

Answer 75

anting anting ,gayuma, odom or tagabulag, wiga or sagabe , and tagahupa

Question 76

This is known as the main source of livelihood.

Answer 76

Agriculture

Question 77

What were the two approaches in Agriculture?

Answer 77

kaingin system (slash and burn) and tillage

Question 78

These were noted by the Spaniards to have abundancy in agricultural food stuffs.

Answer 78

Cebu and Palawan

Question 79

Agriculture was improved by what?

Answer 79

by use of irrigation ditches like those found in the Ifugao Rice Terraces

Question 79

How was landholding perceived in the pre-colonial period?

Answer 79

landholding was either public (less arable land that could be tilled freely by anyone) and private (rich and cultivated lands belonging to nobles and datus)

Question 79

This is the fermented the sap of palm trees that is drank it liquor.

Answer 79

Tuba

Question 79

This pertains to the breeding or raising of chickens, pigs, goats, carabaos, and small native ponies

Answer 79

Livestock

Question 80

This was a thriving industry for those who live in the coast or near rivers and lakes

Answer 80

Fishing

Question 81

What are the various tools used for fishing?

Answer 81

various tools for fishing such as nets, bow and arrow , spear, wicker basket, hooks and lines, corrals and fish poisons were used

Question 82

Where was pearl fishing abound?

Answer 82

Sulu

Question 83

This is comparatively developed before the coming of the Spaniards. This is where the ancients mined gold in many parts of the archipelago and were traded throughout the country and with other countries

Answer 83

Mining

Question 84

This were flourishing industries in ocean vessel building, such as the banca, balangay, lapis, caracoa, virey, vinta and prau

Answer 84

Lumbering and Shipbuilding

Question 85

This home industry was dominated by women. They used crude wooden looms, textiles such as sinamay from hemp, medrinaque from banana, cotton, linen, and silk

Answer 85

Weaving

Question 86

This was conducted between and among barangays and islands.

Answer 86

Barter

Question 87

Which countries did the pre-colonial Philippines barter with?

Answer 87

China, Siam, Japan, Cambodia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java , and other islands of old Malaysia

Question 88

During the pre colonial era, there was no currency, hence the trade was conducted through?

Answer 88

Barter

Question 89

What were the major languages of the Filipinos in the pre-colonial era?

Answer 89

They are: Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan, Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Samarnon or Samar Leyte, and Magindanao

Question 90

The first languages were derived from which language?

Answer 90

Austronesian or Malayo Polynesian language

Question 91

Before the spaniards, this was the Filipino's system of writing.

Answer 91

syllabary which was probably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance

Question 92

How many symbols constituted the syllabry?

Answer 92

the syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, of which three were vowels and fourteen consonants

Question 93

According to his theory, the ancients wrote from top to bottom and from left to right

Answer 93

Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory

Question 94

These these dealt with various subjects including love, war, legends, the memory of the deceased, and war heroes

Answer 94

Literature

Question 95

This was a debate in verse in which a problem is resolved; it developed into the duplo during the Spanish period and then into the balagtasan in 1924 during the American period

Answer 95

karagatan

Question 96

This Maranaw Literature pertains to (folk tale),

Answer 96

tutul

Question 97

This Maranaw Literature pertains to (short love poems),

Answer 97

tubad tubad

Question 98

This Maranaw Literature pertains to (sayings and proverbs),

Answer 98

pananaro on

Question 99

This Maranaw Literature pertains to (drama),

Answer 99

sowa sowa i

Question 100

This Maranaw Literature pertains to (riddle or puzzle).

Answer 100

Antoka

Question 101

This Maranaw Literature pertains to epic poetry.

Answer 101

darangan

Question 102

This Ilocano literature pertains to a song during baptismal party, wedding, or a feast.

Answer 102

dal ot

Question 103

This Ilocano literature pertains to a love song sung in a serenade,

Answer 103

badeng

Question 104

This Ilocano literature pertains to dirge.

Answer 104

Dungaw

Question 105

This is a bansic or a cane with four holes

Answer 105

kudyapi (Tagalog)

Question 106

This is a small guitar (Negritos of Luzon),

Answer 106

Gangsa

Question 107

This is a a Malay music instrument (Igorots).

Answer 107

abafii

Question 108

This is a or a guitar with five strings (Ilocano)

Answer 108

kutibeng

Question 109

This is a nose flute

Answer 109

kaleleng

Question 110

This is or pan pipe made of seven bamboos reeds (Tinguians)

Answer 110

diwdiw as

Question 111

The zigszag designs on ancient lime tubes and the ornamental carvings on combs reflect _________________

Answer 111

Negrito influence

Question 112

Indonesian influence can be seen in the apparel of whom:

Answer 112

apparel of the Kalingas, Maranaos, Manobos and Bagobos

Question 113

Malay influence can be traced to the wood carvings found in utensils, boats, and wooden shields of:

Answer 113

people of Sulu, Mindanao and Mountain Province

Question 114

What kind of art do Islamic influence?

Answer 114

ornamental and decorative art

Question 115

What kind of art do Lanao Muslims have?

Answer 115

geometric and plant designs

Question 116

What kind of art do Ifugao have?

Answer 116

human and animal representations but not fish and plant forms

Question 117

Lanao Muslim art is ________________

Answer 117

icnoclastic

Question 118

Ifugao Art is ___________

Answer 118

functional