Module 03 - Global Burden of Disease

Question 1

What is the MOA of HIV?

Answer 1

infects white blood cells (helper T cells) destroying them over time, ev entually causing AIDS

Question 2

How is HIV transmitted?

Answer 2

spread from person to person via bodily fluids
- i.e. semen, vaginal fluids, blood, breast milk

Question 3

How is HIV Treated?

Answer 3

• typically treated using antitroviral therapy (ART): prolongs life & suppresses symptoms, does not cure

Question 4

How is HIV Prevented?

Answer 4

• single condom use
• elimination of mother-to-child spread with ART during pregnancy & breastfeeding
• testing & counselling services
• harm reduction

Question 5

What is the MOA of Tuberculosis?

Answer 5

• usually attacks the lungs (pulmonary), but can also affect other parts of the body (extrapulmonary) including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract, and bones
• latent TB (LTB) has M. tuberculosis bacteria in body but no symptoms; if left untreated, can develop into active TB

Question 6

How is Tuberculosis Transmitted?

Answer 6

• airborne: spread through air from person to person
• coughing/sneezing: droplet nuceli containing M. tuberculosis are released

Question 7

How is Tuberculosis treated & prevented?

Answer 7

• LTB can be cured with antibiotics (3-4 months)
• active TB: antibiotics for 6-9 months

Question 8

What is the MOA of Malaria?

Answer 8

plasmodium enters bloodstream and infects RBCs, often causing them to burst

Question 9

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

Answer 9

• headache, abdominal pain, chills, sweating, fever, shaking
• can also cause seizures, anemia, jaundice, heart failure, kidney failure, coma death

Question 10

How is Malaria transmitted?

Answer 10

plasmodium is transmitted through mosquito bites that allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream

Question 11

How is Malaria treated & prevented?

Answer 11

curable using anti-malarial drugs, preventable using insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor sprays

Question 12

What are the 3 main causes of Neonatal Death?

Answer 12

1. Infections (i.e. leading to sepsis) - 36%
2. Pre-term - 28%
3. Birth Trauma - 23%

Question 13

What are the 4 interventions for improving Neonatal Health?

Answer 13

1. Prenatal visits
2. Skills birth attendants
3. Emergency care
4. Postnatal care

Question 14

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 14

disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

Question 15

What is Cerebrovascular Heart Disease?

Answer 15

disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

Question 16

What is Peripheral Arterial Disease?

Answer 16

disease of the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

Question 17

What is Congenital Heart Disease?

Answer 17

malformaitons of heart structure existing at birth

Question 18

What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Answer 18

damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria

Question 19

What are the 6 Global Cancer Prevention Strategies?

Answer 19

1. Tobacco
2. Obesity
3. Alcohol
4. Infections
5. Carcinogens
6. Radiation

Question 20

What are some global prevention strategies for tobacco?

Answer 20

• raising tobacco taxes
• requiring by law 100% smoke free environments in all indoor workplaces and public spapces
• put health warnings on all tobacco packaging
• establishin a national cessation program in health care facilities

Question 21

What are some global prevention strategies for obesity?

Answer 21

• developing national dietary and physical activity guidleines
• promoting public awareness campaigns about the links between cancer and obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity

Question 22

What are some global prevention strategies for alcohol?

Answer 22

• raising public awareness, especially among young people, about alcohol related health risks, including cancer, using gender specific messaging
• developing and implementing a national policy aimed at reducing the overall level of alcohol consumption

Question 23

What are some global prevention strategies for infections?

Answer 23

• implementing universal immunization using one of the recommended immunization schedules

Question 24

What are some global prevention strategies for carcinogens?

Answer 24

• stopping the use of asbestos
• ensuring safe drinking water
• identifying workers, workplaces, and worksites with exposure to carcinogens

Question 25

What are some global prevention strategies for radiation?

Answer 25

- provide information about sources and effecrs of all types of radiation - ensure regular safety training of all radiation workers - promote UV risk awareness and UV protection actions

Question 26

What are the 3 transmission models for intergenerational trauma?

Answer 26

1. Sociocultural Model 2. Psychological Model 3. Physiological Model

Question 27

What is the Sociocultural Model?

Answer 27

- explains intergeneration trauma through parenting styles and exposure to environmental factors that may impact a child's development - based on assumption that children are directly influences by the home environment they are raised in

Question 28

What is the Psychological Model?

Answer 28

- explains intergenerational trauma based on the understanding that a child's brain development can be significantly impacted if during the early years of development they are subjected to harsh conditions

Question 29

What is the Physiological Model?

Answer 29

- explains intergenerational trauma through biological factors and predisposed genetic factors - when a child is subjected to excess levels of stress, there are abnormal levels of cortisol, dopamine, and serotonin, which may affect brain development

Question 30

What are the 8 Millennium Development Goals?

Answer 30

1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote Gender Equality & Empower Women 4. Reduce Child Mortality 5. Improve Maternal Health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases 7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability 8. A Global Partnership for Development

Question 31

What are some of the MDG successes?

Answer 31

- decline in global poverty (more than half) - increased primary school net enrolment rate in developing regions - decline in the under-five mortality rate (more than half) - decline in maternal mortality rate - increase in number of girls attending school - elimination of gender disparity in school