Module 04: Cell Structure and Taxonomy Flashcards by ADRIANNE DOMINIQUE BENAURO

This is the fundamental unit of any living organism because it exhibits the basic characteristics of life.

Cells

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What are the two (2) categories of cells?

(1) Prokaryotic
(2) Eukaryotic

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What are some microbes that are heeded to be prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea Cyanobacteria

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What are some microbes that are heeded to be eukaryotes?

Algae, Protozoa and Fungi

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What are some microbes not composed of cells?

Virus Prions and Viroid

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What is a true nucleus?

It consists of
(1) Nucleoplasm
(2) Chromosomes
(3) Nuclear membrane

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What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of nucleus?

Eukaryotic cells contain a “true” nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

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What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of organelles?

Eukaryotic cells possess a complex system of membranes and membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

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These have have selective permeability, allowing only certain substances to pass through them.

Cell Membrane (found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)

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This is the command center of the cell.

Nucleus

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What are the components of the nucleus?

(1) Nucleoplasm
(2) Chromosomes
(3) Nuclear membrane

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Where are chromosomes embedded?

Nucleoplasm

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This consist of linear DNA molecules and proteins.

Chromosomes

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These are located in the chromosomes. Each of this contains the information to produce one or more gene products (usually proteins).

Genes

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An organism’s complete collection of genes is referred to as its ___________.

Genotype or genome.

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Although most genes code for proteins, some code for two types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) namely:

(1) Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
(2) Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)

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What are the characteristics of a particular species of an organism?

(1) Number and composition of chromosomes
(2) Number of genes on each chromosomes

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Humans diploid cells have how many chromosomes?

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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How many genes does one genome approximately have?

20,000 to 25,000 genes

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This is a semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix that contains storage granules and a variety of organelles.

Cytoplasm

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Which reactions occur in the cytoplasm?

Metabolic reactions

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This is a a highly convoluted system of membranes arranged to form a transport network in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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What is the difference between the rough ER and smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, whereas smooth ER does not

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This is known as the site for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

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What do ribosomes contain ?

(1) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) (2) Proteins

This connects and communicates with the endoplasmic reticulum. This completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins and packages them for storage or export

Golgi complex or Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

These contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes

Lysosomes

Where do lysosomes originate?

Golgi complex or Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

These are membrane-bound vesicles where H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) is generated and broken down

Peroxisomes

These are known as power plants powerhouses or energy factories where a number of this vary depending on the activities of the cell.

Mitochondria

ATP molecules are produced within mitochondria by _____________.

Cellular Respiration

These are membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments

Plastids

Plastids are a site of?

Photosynthesis

These are examples of plastids that contain chlorophyll.

Chloroplasts

This is a system of fibers in the cytoplasm.

Cytoskeleton

What are three (3) types of fibers in the cytoskeleton?

(1) Microtubules (2) Microfilaments (3) Intermediate filaments (Microtubules and microfilaments are essential for a variety of activities)

These are external structure to provide shape, protection, and rigidity.

Cell Wall (Some eukaryotic cells contain cell walls)

These are found in the cell wall of fungi.

Chitin

These are found in the cell walls of algae and plants.

Cellulose

Cell walls are present in?

(1) Plants (2) Algae (3) Fungi (4) Most Bacteria

Cell walls are absent in?

(1) Animals (2) Protozoa (3) Mycoplasma species

Flagella and cilia contain?

Microtubules

Some eukaryotic cells possess long, thin, whiplike organelles of locomotion called __________.

Flagella

What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms that have flagella?

(1) Spermatozoa (2) Protozoa

Flagellated cells may contain how many flagella?

One or more

These are shorter, thinner, and more numerous than flagella, and described as being “hair-like.

Cilia

What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms that have cilia?

(1) Some species of protozoa (2) Ciliated epithelial cells in our respiratory tract

Cross sections of cilia showing the _________________.

9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes compared in size?

Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simple compared to eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells reproduce through?

Binary fission

What is the difference of the cytoplasm of prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells?

Unlike eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells is not filled with internal membranes. The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells is surrounded by a cell membrane, a cell wall (usually), and sometimes a capsule or slime layer

In prokaryotic cells, this is a selectively permeable barrier. Many enzymes are attached to this where metabolic reactions take place

Cell membrane

In prokaryotic cells, this usually consists of a single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule and serves as the control center of the cell

Chromosomes

In prokaryotic cells, these are small, circular molecules of DNA that are not part of the chromosome (extrachromosomal)

Plasmids

In prokaryotic cells, this is a semiliquid that consists of water, enzymes, waste products, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids materials required for metabolic functions

Cytoplasm

These are cytoplasmic particles that occur in clusters

Ribosomes

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

A rigid exterior that defines the shape of bacterial cells, chemically complex

Bacterial cell wall

What is the primary constituent of bacterial cell wall?

Peptidoglycan (found only in bacteria)

This bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

Gram positive bacteria

This bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan.

Gram negative bacteria

These do not have cell walls; they are pleomorphic.

Mycoplasma species

What are the three (3) components of peptidoglycan?

(1) N-acetyl glucosamine (2) N-acetyl muramic acid (3) Cross linked peptide

This is a a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall.

Glycocalyx (slimy layers and capsule)

What are the two (2) types of glycocalyx?

(1) Slimy layer (2) Capsule

This glycocalyx is loosely connected to the cell wall.

Slimy layer

This glycocalyx is highly organized and firmly connected to the cell wall.

Capsule

These produce a slime layer.

Pseudomonas

These possess a capsule, which serves an antiphagocytic function.

(1) Klebsiella pneumoniae, (2) Neisseria meningitidis, and (3) Streptococcus pneumoniae

These are bacteria that possess flagella.

Motile bacteria

These are whiplike appendages composed of threads of protein called flagellin.

Flagella

The flagella are whiplike appendages composed of threads of protein called ___________.

Flagellin

This species have flagella over entire surface

Peritrichous bacteria

This species have tuft of flagella at one end

Lophotrichous bacteria

This species have one or more flagella at both ends

Amphitrichous bacteria

This species have single polar flagellum

Monotrichous bacteria

These are hair like structures, most often observed on Gram-negative bacteria.

Fimbriae and Pili

Fimbriae and Pili are composed of a polymerized protein molecules called ________.

Pilin

How are Fimbriae and Pili different from flagella?

Fimbriae and pili are thinner than flagella, have a rigid structure, and are not associated with motility.

What is the function of Fimbriae and Pili?

They enable bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces

Some bacteria possess a ________ for conjugation.

sex pilus

These are capable of forming thick-walled spores as a means of survival.

(1) Bacillus (2) Clostridium

This is known as the process of spore formation; this is not necessarily reproduction.

Sporulation

These have been shown to survive for many years and are resistant to heat, cold, drying, and most chemicals

Spores

Usually one spore is produced in a bacterial cell, which generates into one _______________.

vegetative bacterium

Endospores can be visualized using a ___________.

spore stain

What is the difference between the cell membrane of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain membranous structures and many membrane bound organelles; most prokaryotic cells possess no membranes other than the cell membrane that encloses the cytoplasm.

This is the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce. In this, one cell splits in half to become two daughter cells.

Binary fission

What happens before a prokaryotic cell divides in half?

Before a prokaryotic cell divides in half, the chromosome must be duplicated

This is the time it takes for binary fission to occur

Generation time (varies from one species to another and depends on growth conditions_

What is the generation time of Escherichia coli?

Escherichia coli has a generation time of about 20 minutes

This is the science of classification of living organisms.

Taxonomy

Taxonomy consists of what?

(1) Classification (2) Nomenclature (3) Identification

This is the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups (known as taxa).

Classification

What is the sequence of Taxa?

“King David Came Over for Good Spaghetti” (1) K for Kingdom, (2) D for Division, (3) C for Class, (4) O for Order, (5) F for Family, (6) G for Genus, and (7) S for species

The science of taxonomy was established based on the _________.

Binomial system of nomenclature.

What composes the binomial system of nomenclature?

(1) Genus (2) Epithet

How is the genus abbreviated?

single capital letter

What does the abbreviation "sp" mean?

Single species

What does the abbreviation "spp" mean?

More than one species

What are the five kingdom system of classification?

1. Bacteria and archaea—Kingdom Prokaryotae 2. Algae and protozoa—Kingdom Protista 3. Fungi—Kingdom Fungi 4. Plants—Kingdom Plantae 5. Animals—Kingdom Animalia

Why are viruses not included in the five kingdom system of classification?

Viruses are not included because they are acellular.

What is the three domain system of classification?

1. Archaea (prokaryotic) 2. Bacteria (prokaryotic) 3. Eucarya (all eukaryotic organisms)

The three domain system of classification is based on what?

The Three-Domain System is based on differences in the structure of certain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules among organisms in the three domains.

The most widely used technique for gauging diversity or “relatedness” of organisms is called _______________.

rRNA sequencing

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits namely:

(1) Small subunit (2) Large subunit

This subunit is composed of only one rRNA molecule

Small subunit

The small subunit is coded by a gene called ________ in prokaryotes

16s rRNA

The small subunit is coded by a gene called ________ in eukaryotes

18s rRNA

How do you determine the relatedness among organisms?

To determine how closely related one prokaryotic organism is to another, scientists compare the sequence of nucleotide base pairs in the 16S rRNA gene from one of the organisms with the sequence of base pairs in the16S rRNA gene from the other organism. The more similar the sequence of base pairs, the more closely related are the organisms.

Module 04: Cell Structure and Taxonomy Flashcards

(110 cards)