Module 1

Question 1

Facts about old english 450-1100

Answer 1

5th century AD, 3 germanic tribes (current Denmark and North Germany) crossed the North Sea
Previously the main language was Celtic, driven into Wales, Cornwall and Scotland

1/2 of commonly used words today have old english roots

Question 2

Facts about Middle English 1100-1500

Answer 2

1066 William the Conquerer (battle of hastings - tapestry of Bayeux) brought French = language of the nobles / royal court
Linguistic divide
14th century English became dominant again but with some French

Question 3

Facts about Early Modern English 1500-1800

Answer 3

Great Vowel shift (vowels pronounced shorter)
16th century, greater connections with other countries + renaissance so there were lots of new words
Invention of printing press brought standardisation to English
1604 first dictionary published

Question 4

Facts about Late Modern English 1800-Present

Answer 4

Late Modern English has more vocabulary than Early modern due to the industrial revolution + 1/3 of the world creating and adapting words

Question 5

Specific characteristics of the EL making it EASY to learn

Answer 5

Fairly easy to learn - compared to others / depends on primary language
Latin alphabet - only 26 basic letters
Simple inflection - compared to others
Heterogeneousness - adopted words from all over
Generally fixed word order - Subject Verb Object
No accents - apart from imported words
Minimal change in structure when verbs change form

Question 6

Specific characteristics of the EL making it HARD to learn

Answer 6

Pronunciation - may cause problems for learners who don’t use the tip of the tongue
Continuous tense (ing) - may not exist in other languages
Articles (a, an the) - may not exist in other languages
Phrasal verbs - adverb + preposition e.g. look down on
Non-tonal - changes in pitch express emotion not for another word
Sound and spelling - common words may not conform to spelling patterns

Question 7

GERMAN EFL students common mistakes

Answer 7

i / a vs e / r
'th' doesn't exist
w pronounced with v (we = ve)
they don't have continuous tense
clause order differs - past participle always last (I have him not seen)

Question 8

CHINESE EFL students common mistakes

Answer 8

not used to alphabet (characters used to represent entire word)
hard to hear between l and r (rice = lice)
unlike English, concept of time and meaning through word order

Question 9

Reasons English is in high demand

Answer 9

international communication
common language
software programs written in English

Question 10

TEFL

Answer 10

Teaching English as a Foreign Language

Question 11

EFL

Answer 11

English as a Foreign Language

Question 12

ELT

Answer 12

English Language Teaching

Question 13

TESOL

Answer 13

Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages

Question 14

TESL

Answer 14

Teaching English as a Second Language (teaching immigrants in English speaking countries)

Question 15

CALL

Answer 15

Computer Assisted Language Learning

Question 16

CLT

Answer 16

Communicative Language Teaching

Question 17

DOS

Answer 17

Director of Studies

Question 18

EAP

Answer 18

English for Academic Purposes

Question 19

ESP

Answer 19

English for Specific Purposes

Question 20

L1

Answer 20

A student’s first language

Question 21

L2

Answer 21

A student’s second language

Question 22

PPP

Answer 22

Presentation, Practice, Production

Question 23

STT

Answer 23

Student talking time

Question 24

TTT

Answer 24

Teacher talking time

Question 25

Grammar-Translation Method

Answer 25

Historically used to teach Latin and Greek - main aim to read FL - emphasis on reading/writing - FL is discussed in native language - vocab taught through translation - teacher explains rules students copy

Question 26

Audiolingual Method

Answer 26

US thought they were falling behind in the race to space because their scientists didn't know much FL - repetitive oral drills, habit formation - attempts of experimentation or creativity discouraged to avoid bad habit creation - little grammar - listening, speaking, reading then writing

Question 27

Communicative Approach / Communicative Language Teaching

Answer 27

- meaningful CONVERSATION not structure and grammar - variety of approaches - context to give language meaning - formal learning of rules + practice - encourage creativity (trial and error) - student centered - understanding that there are unique learning styles

Question 28

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) 6 lesson integrations

Answer 28

1. Situation / Context 2. Giving the situation a practical / realistic function 3. Formality 4. Meaning and use of the situation 5. Grammar 6. Notions like time introduced to context

Question 29

Facts about an L1 learner

Answer 29

- immersed from birth - motivated to communicate for wants and needs - adults often praise language learning - gets attention aiding learning - learns through play - not often corrected

Question 30

Facts about an L2 learner

Answer 30

- not intensively exposed to L2 - often limited exposure outside the classroom - may not be motivated - less praise than for L1 - sometimes limited attention from teacher - corrected more regularly; demotivating

Question 31

Language Learning vs Language Aquisition

Answer 31

LL - formal study of language including SPAG + pronounciation LA - how the language is picked up. Related to education, background, intellect, motivation, exposure to the language

Question 32

What can help with language acquisition ?

Answer 32

Meaningful communication with others and watching/listening to L2

Question 33

Examples of learning activities in the classroom

Answer 33

Fill in the blanks (focus on form and structure of English)

Question 34

Acquisition activities in the classroom

Answer 34

- role-playing everyday situations

Question 35

Key influences on L2 learning / acquisition

Answer 35

- intellect - learning style - motivation - proficiency in L1 / if learning another language too - prior learning may bring expectations - teacher behavior / gender - classroom structure - participation - communication or cultural barriers

Question 36

What are the two main communication styles?

Answer 36

Direct & Indirect

Question 37

What is a DIRECT style of communication?

Answer 37

No beating around the bush, very clear

Question 38

What is a INDIRECT style of communication?

Answer 38

Subtility and use of stories - not directly to the point

Question 39

What are L2 learner groups?

Answer 39

Children Teenagers / young adults Adults

Question 40

What are key features of CHILDREN as an L2 learner?

Answer 40

- short attention span - like to have fun in the classroom - not afraid to make mistakes - limited life experience

Question 41

What are key features of TEENAGERS as an L2 learner?

Answer 41

- developing concentration span - can control behavior - pay attention to meaning and perhaps form - may worry what others think of them - developing life experience

Question 42

What are key features of ADULTS as an L2 learner?

Answer 42

- longest attention span - controlled behavior - pay attention to meaning and form in language - not so willing to make mistakes - life experience