Module 1 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Human anatomy
A
The scientific study of the body’s internal and external structures and their physical relationship between other body parts
2
Q
Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related
A
Anatomy and physiology are closely related because all specific functions are performed by specific structures
3
Q
Gross anatomy
A
Larger structures that can be seen, manipulated, measured and weighed
4
Q
Microscopic anatomy
A
Deals with structures we cannot observe and analyse without magnification
5
Q
Physiology
A
The scientific study of how the human body performs its vital mechanical, physical and biochemical functions
6
Q
Anatomy =
A
Structure
7
Q
Physiology =
A
Function
8
Q
Major levels of organisation from simplest to most complex
A
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
9
Q
Chemical level
A
Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
They combine to form molecules
10
Q
Cellular level
A
Cells are the smallest living units in the body
Complex molecules
11
Q
Tissue level
A
A group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
12
Q
Organ level
A
Made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
13
Q
Organ system
A
A group of organs interacting to perform a particular function forms
14
Q
Organism level
A
All of the body’s organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism - human body.
15
Q
Role of a Histologist
A
A histologist investigates structures and properties at the tissue level of organisation
16
Q
What system is this?
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
A
Integumentary
17
Q
What system is this?
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
A
Skeletal
18
Q
What system is this?
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
A
Muscular
19
Q
What system is this?
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs
A
Nervous
20
Q
What system is this?
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems
A
Endocrine
21
Q
What system is this?
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
A
Cardiovascular
22
Q
What system is this?
Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils
A
Lymphatic
23
Q
What system is this?
Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli
A
Respiratory
24
Q
What system is this?
Teeth Tongue Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
A
Digestive
25
What system is this?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urinary
26
What system is this?
```
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Labia
Clitoris
Mammary glands
```
Female reproductive
27
What system is this?
```
Testes
Epididymides
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Scrotum
```
Male reproductive
28
Main regions of the body
Head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, together with the upper and lower extremities.
29
Supine
Face up
30
Prone
Face down
31
Frontal/coronal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body/organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) - frontal section
32
Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right portions - sagittal section
33
Transverse/axial plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions — transverse/cross section
34
Superior
Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)
35
Inferior
Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
36
Anterior
At or near the front of the body (front view)
37
Posterior
At or near the back of the body (back view)
38
Ventral
Ventral indicates towards the front of the body
39
Dorsal
Dorsal means towards the back of the body
40
Midline
An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)
41
Proximal
Towards the trunk; near the origin
42
Distal
Away from the truck; far from the origin
43
Lateral
Away from the midline or middle of the body — towards the side of the body
44
Medial
Towards the midline/middle of the body
45
Cephalic/cranial
Towards the head
46
Caudal
Towards the tailbone
47
External
Towards or at the body surface
48
Internal
Away from the body surface; more internal
49
Four abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
50
Abdominopelvic regions (upper)
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
51
Abdominopelvic regions (middle)
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
52
Abdominopelvic regions (lower)
Right inguinal
Hypogastric
Left inguinal
53
Homeostasis
The body's ability to maintain a stable, internal environment
54
Intrinsic/Autoregulation
Automatic response from a cell, tissue, organ or organ system due to changes in the internal environment.
55
Extrinsic regulation
Responses controlled by the nervous or endocrine system
56
Receptor
A sensor that detects changes in the environment or stimulus
57
Control centre
Receives and processes information from the receptor then initiates the response to maintain homeostasis
58
Effector
A cell or organ that responds to incoming information from the control centre and acts to bring about the changes needed to maintain homeostasis.
59
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body temperature
Primary organ system involved: integumentary system
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Heat loss
60
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body temperature
Primary organ system involved: muscular system
What is the function of the muscular system?
Heat production
61
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body temperature
Primary organ system involved: cardiovascular system
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Heat distribution
62
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body temperature
Primary organ system involved: nervous system
What is the function of the nervous system?
Coordination of blood flow, heat production, and heat loss
63
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid composition (nutrient concentration)
Primary organ system involved: digestive system
What is the function of the digestive system?
Nutrient absorption, storage, and release
64
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid composition (nutrient concentration)
Primary organ system involved: cardiovascular system
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Nutrient distribution
65
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid composition (nutrient concentration)
Primary organ system involved: urinary system
What is the function of the urinary system?
Control of nutrient loss in the urine
66
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid composition (nutrient concentration)
Primary organ system involved: skeletal system
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Mineral storage and release
67
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid composition (oxygen, carbon dioxide levels)
Primary organ system involved: respiratory system
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Absorption of oxygen, elimination of carbon dioxide
68
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid composition (oxygen, carbon dioxide levels)
Primary organ system involved: cardiovascular system
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Internal transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
69
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid composition (level of toxins and pathogens)
Primary organ system involved: lymphatic system
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Removal, destruction, or inactivation of toxins and pathogens
70
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid volume
Primary organ system involved: urinary system
What is the function of the urinary system?
Elimination or conservation of water from the blood
71
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid volume
Primary organ system involved: urinary system
What is the function of the urinary system?
72
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid volume
Primary organ system involved: digestive system
What is the function of the digestive system?
Absorption of water; loss of water in faces
73
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid volume
Primary organ system involved: integumentary system
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Loss of water through perspiration
74
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid volume
Primary organ system involved: integumentary system
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Loss of water through perspiration
75
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: body fluid volume
Primary organ system involved: cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
What is the function of the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system?
Distribution of water throughout body tissues
76
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: waste concentration
Primary organ system involved: urinary system
What is the function of the urinary system?
Excretion of wastes from the blood
77
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: waste concentration
Primary organ system involved: urinary system
What is the function of the urinary system?
Excretion of wastes from the blood
78
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: waste concentration
Primary organ system involved: digestive system
What is the function of the digestive system?
Elimination of wastes from the liver in faeces
79
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: waste concentration
Primary organ system involved: cardiovascular system
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Transport of wastes products to sites of excretion
80
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: blood pressure
Primary organ system involved: cardiovascular system
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Pressure generated by the heart moves blood through blood vessels
81
Homeostatic Regulation
Internal stimulus: blood pressure
Primary organ system involved: nervous system and endocrine system
What is the function of the nervous system and endocrine system?
Adjustments in heart rate and blood vessel diameter can raise or lower blood pressure
82
Internal
Away from the body surface; more internal
