Module 1

Question 1

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 1

The study of the living organism (physiology) in the presence of disease or suffering (pathos).

Question 2

What does pathophysiology help to do?

Answer 2

• Recognise and prevent disease
• Understand manifestation and complications
• Guide questioning and documents

Question 3

What is the difference between gross and microscopic level?

Answer 3

Gross: Organ or system level. Microscopic: Cellular level.

Question 4

What are the types of pathophysiological intervention?

Answer 4

• Primary: Prevention – Education, immunisations, laws
• Secondary: Slow down impact of diagnosed condition – medications, treatments
• Tertiary: Managing long term conditions – chronic pain management, therapy, support group.

Question 5

What is the difference between Idiopathic & iatrogenic?

Answer 5

Idiopathic: Cause of the disease is unknown
Iatrogenic: Disease caused by medical treatments, procedures, or medical errors.

Question 6

What is a prophylaxis?

Answer 6

Prophylaxis: Measures designed to prevent disease (EG. Ondansetron)

Question 7

Define Pathogenicity:

Answer 7

Refers to the development of a disease

Question 8

What is the difference between acute and chronic?

Answer 8

Acute quick onset, short duration / Chronic: slow on set, long duration

Question 9

Define subclinical:

Answer 9

No obvious manifestations despite disease

Question 10

Define latent:

Answer 10

Incubation period in infectious disease (HIV)

Question 11

Define prodromal:

Answer 11

Early stage of vague, nonspecific symptoms.

Question 12

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

Answer 12

Signs are objective (vitals, rash, things we can see) / Symptoms are subjective (pain, headache, nausea, things we cannot see)

Question 13

What is a precipitation factor?

Answer 13

The triggering event (EG. Bee sting = anaphylaxis reaction)

Question 14

Define Sequelae:

Answer 14

A pathophysiological consequence of a disease

Question 15

Define Convalescence:

Answer 15

The period of recovery and return to health

Question 16

Define Prognosis:

Answer 16

Probability of recover

Question 17

Define Morbidity

Answer 17

Disease rate within population

Question 18

Define Mortality:

Answer 18

numbers of deaths attributable to a specific disease

Question 19

Define Epidemic:

Answer 19

spread of a infection across a large population across one area (Ebola)

Question 20

Define Endemic

Answer 20

found in a certain area or group and doesn’t disappear (malaria in Africa)

Question 21

Define Pandemic:

Answer 21

Worldwide spread of a new disease (covid)

Question 22

What are examples of notifiable/reportable disease?

Answer 22

Covid, HIV, TB, Polio, Hep B

Question 23

Define Epidemiology:

Answer 23

Patterns of distribution (frequency, patterns) and determinants (cause, risk factors) within specific populations.

Question 24

What are cellular adaptations?

Answer 24

• Response to changing conditions in order to avoid cellular injury. When this fails, we present with signs and symptoms.

Question 25

What are the 5 cellular growth patens in focus for this unit?

Answer 25

- Atrophy: Decrease in size - Hypertrophy: Increase and size and volume - Hyperplasia: Multiply cells - Dysplasia: Abnormal changes size shape and organisation of cells (cancerous) - Metaplasia: Transformation of a cell into another cell caused by external stimulus (less likely to be cancerous)

Question 26

What are some causes of interruption of cellular function where the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 26

- Ischemia/hypoxia - Injury - Immune response

Question 27

Explain the 4-step process of cellular mechanism of injury:

Answer 27

- Disruption of permeability & transport mechanisms across cell membrane - ↓ Cell metabolism - Cellular swelling & damage to organelles - Inflammation is often triggered → systemic symptoms such as fever

Question 28

Define necrosis:

Answer 28

Autodigestion of cells, which typically triggers an inflammatory response.

Question 29

Define Apoptosis:

Answer 29

programmed cell death

Question 30

Define Gangrene

Answer 30

A large area of cell death.

Question 31

What are the types of gangrene and an example of each?

Answer 31

Dry – frost bite. Wet – internal organs. Gaseous – infection of clostridium perfringens causing toxic gas release and can result in sepsis

Question 32

The use of “itis” indications what?

Answer 32

- Inflammation = protective response

Question 33

Describe acute pain and how it may present.

Answer 33

Describe acute pain and how it may present.

Question 34

Describe somatic pain.

Answer 34

- Well localised - Throbbing or aching - Superficial (skin, muscles) or deep (joints, bones)

Question 35

Describe visceral pain.

Answer 35

- Poorly localised, vague, and diffused | - Typically generating from hollow organs and smooth muscles

Question 36

A ___________________ is an area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve.

Answer 36

Dermatome