Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biostatistics > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The study and use of theory and methods to analyze data from random processes or phenomena

A

Statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This is a branch of applied statistics directed towards application in the health sciences and biology

A

Biostatistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Process of Applying Statistics?

A
  1. Making a Hypothesis
  2. Gathering Data
  3. Drawing Interferences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A process in applying statistics that design experiments and observational studies

A

Making a Hypothesis (step 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A process in Applying Statistics that summarizes data / Summary of Data

A

Gathering Data (step 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A process of Applying Statistics that tests the hypothesis

A

Drawing Interferences (step 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Applications of Biostatistics (~First 6)

A
  1. In community and public medicine
  2. In cancer research
  3. In advance medical technologies
  4. In pharmacy
  5. In ecology
  6. In demography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Application of Biostatistics (~Last 6)

A
  1. In population genetics and statistical genetics
  2. In bioinformatics
  3. In systems biology
  4. In agriculture
  5. In genetics
  6. In physiology and anatomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The two main branches of Epidemiological Studies

A

Non-Experimental (Observational) Studies

Experimental (Interventional) Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is also called Observational Studies

A

Non-Experimental Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This Study can be divided into Population Based and Individual Based Study

A

Non-Experimental Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 Types of Non-Experimental Studies

A
  1. Population Based Studies

2. Individual Based Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two types of Population Based Studies

A
  • Descriptive Study

- Analytic Study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This study aims to generate a hypothesis by answering:

“ What? Who? Where? When? ”

A

Descriptive Study (Population Based)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of of Descriptive Study

Population Bases Study

A

Incidence Study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

“Newly reported or registered disease cases compared over time, place, or person. Population estimates or other population group totals used denominators”

A

Incidence Study

Population Based Study “Descriptive”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This study aims to generate a hypothesis by answering
“ Why? And How? “ questions

“Uses Comparison Group”

A

Analytical Study (Population Based)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The goal of this study is to measure the association between exposure and outcome

A

Analytic Study (Population Based)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of Analytic Study

Population Based Study

A

Ecological Study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

“Rates are linked to the level of exposure to some agent for the group as a whole”

A

Ecological Study

Population Based “Analytic”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two types of Individual Based Studies

A
  • Descriptive Study

- Analytical Study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Example of this study is “Case Reports”

A

Descriptive Study (Individual Based)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This is prepared for illustrating novels, unusual or atypical features identified in patients in medical practice

Can potentially generate new research questions

A

Case Report

Individual Based “Descriptive”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Examples of this study are

  • Cross Sectional Study
  • Case Control Study
  • Cohort Study
A

Analytical Study (Individual Based)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
This study is used to learn about the characteristics of a population at one point in time Does not use comparison group
Cross-Sectional Study | Individual Based “Analytic”
26
This study is for - rare diseases - multiple exposure that may be related to a single outcome
Case-Control Study | Individual Based “Analytic”
27
Also known as “Longitudinal Study” or “Follow-Up Study”
Cohort Study | Individual Based “Analytic”
28
This study can be used to find multiple outcomes from a single exposure
Cohort Study | Individual Based “Analytic”
29
What is a Cohort?
Well-defined group of individuals who share common characteristics or experience
30
“Well-defined group of individuals who share common characteristics or experience”
Cohort
31
This study has two branches - Randomized Study - Non-Randomized Study
Experimental Studies
32
Aims of Experimental Studies
To provide scientific proof of etiological factors which may permit modification or control of disease To provide a method of measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of health services for the prevention, control, and treatment of disease and improve health of the community
33
Under this branch if Experimental Studies are Clinical Trials and Control Trials
``` Randomized Study (Experimental Studies) ```
34
A study where people are allocated at random (by chance alone) to receive one of several clinical interventions
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
35
What is the meaning of RCT?
Randomized Controlled Trial
36
One of the interventions is the standard comparison or control
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
37
``` The control may be standard practice A placebo (“sugar pill”) or no intervention ```
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
38
This seeks to measure and compare the outcomes after the participants receive the intervention
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
39
Under this branch of Experimental Studies are: - Quasi Experimental Research - Field Trial - Community Trial
Non-Randomized Study | Experimental Studies
40
This shared similarities with traditional experimental design or randomized controlled trial It lacks the element of random assignment to treatment or control
Quasi-Experimental Research | Experimental Studies “Non-Randomized”
41
Applies preventive interventions to healthy individuals
``` Field Trial (Experimental Studies “Non-Randomized”) ```
42
Applies intervention to aggregative units
``` Community Trial (Experimental Studies “Non-Randomized”) ```
43
What is Data?
It is the observation of random variables made on the elements of a sample
44
“The quantities (number) or qualities (attributes) are measured or observed to be collected and analyzed”
Data
45
What are the two types of data?
Observational Data Experimental Data
46
Researchers collect data based in what is seen and heard “Researchers should not interfere with the subject or variables in any way”
Observational Data
47
Researchers produced this by measurement, test method, and experimental design “Can have control over some variables”
Experimental Data
48
What are the Methods of Data Presentation?
- Textual - Tabular - Graphical
49
Data gathered are presented in paragraph from | Methods of Data Presentation
Textual
50
Data is written and read | Method of Data Presentation
Textual
51
This form of data presentation is a combination of texts and figures (Methods of Data Presentation)
Textual
52
This method of presenting data uses a statistical table
Tabular
53
What are the parts of Tabular Data?
1. Table Heading 2. Stubs 3. Box Head 4. Body 5. Footnotes 6. Source Note
54
Part of Tabular Data that consists of the table number and title
Table Heading
55
This part of Tabular Data consists of categories which are found on the left side of the body of the table
Stubs
56
This part of Tabular Data is at the top of the column
Box Head
57
This part of Tabular Data is the main part of the table
Body
58
This part of Tabular Data consists of any statements or notes that may be inserted
Footnotes
59
This part of the Tabular Data is the source of the statistics
Source Note
60
This is the most effective manner of presenting data
Graphical
61
Examples of this method of data presenting are: Pie, Barr, Venn, Histogram, and Epidemic Curve
Graphical
62
This Graphic Presentation is used to examine a relationship between two (non-sequential) variables
Scatterplot
63
This Graphical Presentation is used where the x-axis represents some sequential variable like time or distance along transect
Line Plot
64
This Graphic Presentation has two different y-axes Primarily used in the same sorts of situations as line plot You compare the pattern of change in two different types of variables
Double Y Plot
65
This Graphical Presentation is either used to present means (and appropriate error bars) or counts of some sort including proportions and percentages Can be horizontal or vertical
Bar Chart
66
This Graphic Presentation combines features of line plots and stacked bar charts This is generally used to show trends in time or space
Area Plot
67
This Graphical Presentation is familiar to everyone but is relatively limited used for scientific figures
Pie Chart
68
This Graphical Presentation lets you discover and show the underlying frequency distribution (shape) of a set of continuous data
Histogram
69
This Graphic Presentation is a method of organizing raw data in a compact form by displaying the data in ascending/descending order together with their frequencies
Frequency Table
70
This Graphical Presentation is a diagram of representing mathematical and logical sets Common element is represented by the areas that overlap among circles.
Venn Diagram
71
This Graphical Presentation is a visual display of the onset of illness among cases associated with an outbreak
Epidemic Curve
72
What are the different roles of application of quantitative research to public health
1. Survey Study 2. Surveillance Study 3. Observational Study 4. Experimental Study
73
This study is used to estimate the extent of the disease in the population
Survey Study
74
This study us designed to monitor or detect specific diseases
Surveillance Study
75
This study investigates the association between exposure and a disease outcome
Observational Study
76
This study relies on the “natural” allocation of individual to exposed or non-exposed groups
Observational Study
77
This study also investigates the association between exposure and disease outcome of individuals who are “intentionally” placed into treatment groups by the investigators
Experimental Study

Biostatistics (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions