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A-level Biology > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

ATP

A

a molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and 3 phosphate groups

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2
Q

amino acid definition

A

the monomers containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group(COOH) and variable R group that makes up proteins

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3
Q

benedicts test

A

a biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produce a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present

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4
Q

biuret test

A

a biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein

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5
Q

what are biological molecules

A

molecules made and used by living organisms e.g carbohydrates,proteins,lipids,DNA,ATP

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6
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates

A

energy source ( glucose in respiration)
energy store( starch in plants,glycogen in animals)
structure ( cellulose in cell wall of plants)

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7
Q

what are the building blocks for carbohydrates called

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose (alpha and beta) galactose , fructose

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9
Q

formula of monosaccharides

A

C6H12O6

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10
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

on carbon 1, alpha glucose has an OH group on the bottom and beta glucose has OH group on the top

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11
Q

how are monosaccharides joined together

A

condensation reaction between 2 OH groups
water is removed

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12
Q

bond in carbohydrate

A

glycosidic bond ( 1,4)

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13
Q

examples of disaccharides ( the equations)

A

glucose+ glucose= maltose
glucose+ galactose= lactose
glucose+ fructose= sucrose

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14
Q

formula for disaccharides

A

C12H22O11

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15
Q

how are polymers separated

A

hydrolysis
add water

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16
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

many monosaccharides joined together by condensation reaction/glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch(alpha glucose) which is an energy store in plants
glycogen(alpha glucose) which is an energy store in animals
cellulose(beta glucose) which makes cell wall in plants

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18
Q

structure of starch

A

made from amylose and amylopectin

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19
Q

what is amylose

A

long straight chain of alpha-glucose which is coiled

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20
Q

what is amylopectin

A

straight chain of alpha-glucose which side branches ( 1,6 glycosidic bonds)

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21
Q

structure of glycogen

A

straight chain of alpha-glucose( ,4 glycosidic bond) with side branches (1,6 gb)

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22
Q

properties of starch and glycogen as energy stores

A

insoluble= do not affect water potential of the cell, do not diffuse out of the cell
coiled/branched= compact, more can fit into a cell
branched/chained= glucose removed from the end easily

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23
Q

structure of cellulose

A

beta glucose arranged in a straight chain
many cellulose chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils
many microfibrils are cross linked to form macrofibrils
forms structure of cell wall
strong material ( to prevent plant cell from bursting or shrinking

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24
Q

test for starch

A

add iodine, turns blue/black

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25
test for non-reducing sugar
heat with benedicts- no change therfore add dilute HCL ( hydrolyses glycosidic bond) then add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise heat with benedicts again - turns brick red
26
what are 2 types of proteins
globular and fibrous
27
what are globular proteins
soluble proteins with a specific 3D shape eg enzymes, hormones, antibodies, haemoglobin
28
what are fibrous proteins
strong , insoluble ,inflexible material eg collagen and keratin
29
what are the building blocks for proteins
amino acids
30
structure of amino acid
central carbon, carboxyl group to right, amine group to left, hydrogen above and r group below
31
how do amino acids differ
they have different R groups
32
how are amino acids joined together
by condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one and amine group of another, leaves a bond between carbon and nitrogen called a peptide bond forming a dipeptide
33
define primary structure of a protein
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds
34
define secondary structure of a protein
the primary structure coils to form either a alpha helix or beta pleated sheets held together by hydrogen bonds
35
tertiary structure of a protein
secondary structure folds again to form final 3D shape, held together by hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds
36
quaternary structure of a protein
made of more than one polypeptide chain
37
examples of quaternary protein structure
collagen , antibodies and haemoglobin
38
structure of collagen
strong material, used to build tendons/ligaments/connective tissues primary structure mainly made of glycine secondary structure forms a tight coil (not much branching due to glycine) tertiary structure( coils again) quaternary structure made from 3 tertiary wrapped around each other
39
what is an enzyme
a biological catalyst, a substance that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up by lowering the activation energy and offering an alternate pathway
40
what makes enzymes specific
has specific active site shape, only complimentary substrates can bind to form enzyme-substrate complexes
41
lock and key model vs induced fit model
LK= active site shape is rigid and only exactly complimentary substrates can bind to form ES substrates IF= active site changes shape slightly, the substrate binds to the active site- the AS changes shape so the substrate fits exactly forming ES complexes
42
affect of substrate conc on enzyme activity
increase substrate conc increases the chance of successful collisions which increases the chance of forming an ES complex which increases the rate of reaction this continues untill all the enzymes active sites are full/saturated = the maximum rate of reaction
43
affect of enzyme conc on enzyme activity
increases chance of successful collisions increases chance of ES complexes forming so an increase in rate of reaction continues until all substrates are used up= maximum rate of reaction
44
affects of temperature on enzyme activity
as temp increases kinetic energy also increases meaning the molecules move faster , more successful collisions, more ES complexes , increasing rate of reaction carries on until optimum, then bonds in tertiary structure breaks ( hydrogen and ionic) so active site looses shape , substrates no longer complementary so ES complexes arnt made enzymes denatured
45
affects of PH on enzyme activity
if change in PH away from optimum bonds in the tertiary structure break so active site looses shape = no ES complex enzyme denatured
46
competitive inhibitors
a substance with a similar shape to the substrate and a complementary shape to the enzymes active site, binds to the active site, blocking it, prevents ES complexes from forming
47
non-competitive inhibitors
a substance that binds to another site on the enzyme other then the active site, causes the active site to change shape, so less ES complexes can form
48
what are the 3 types of lipids
triglycerides ( fat for energy store,insulation, protection of organs) phospholipids ( to make membranes) cholesterol ( for membrane stability and make hormones)
49
structure of triglycerides
made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by condensation reaction, ester bonds bond is COOC there are 2 types of triglycerides: saturated fat and unsaturated fat
50
saturated
has no carbon double bonds in the r group
51
unsaturated
has carbon double bonds in the r group
52
structure of phospholipid
made of 1 glycerol , 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate phosphate forms hydrophillic head, fatty acid form hydrophobic tails forms a phospholipid bilayer basic structure of membranes
53
what are nucleic acids
polymers made from nucleotides ( 2 types DNA and RNA )
54
what is DNA
an information storing molecule made of dna monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double alpha helix deoxyribonucleic acid found in all organisms carries genes all organisms are built of proteins
55
building block of DNA
DNA nucleotide ( made of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base) 4 types of nucleotides( adenine , thymine, cytosine , guanine)
56
properties of DNA structure
double stranded= makes DNA more stable and strand acts as template in semi-conservative replication coil in helix= more compact sugar phosphate backbone= protects bases h bonds = weak so strands separate more easily complimentary base pairing= ensures identical copies of DNA made by semi-conservative replication
57
DNA replication
occurs in interphase before mitosis and meiosis occurs by semi-conservative repliction
58
describe semi-conservative replication
DNA double strand separates and acts as template producing 2 identical copies of the dna, each has half the orginal strand and half the new strand PROCESS: dna helicase breaks h bonds between bases double strande separates, leaves 2 template strands free complimentary nucleotides bind to exposed bases on tmeplate strands DNA polymerase joins the sugar-phosphate backbone of the new strand
59
evidence for SCR
replicating bacterial DNA in 2 types of nitrogen isotopes, 15N and 14N
60
what is rna
ribonucleic acid a relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds single stranded bases = Adenine, uracil , cytosine, guanine
61
formation of ATP ( equation)
ADP + PI = ATP carries energy in its bonds
62
what makes ATP good to deliverer of energy
immediate source= need to only breakdown one bond and that bond is weak manageable source= releases small amount of energy
63
uses of ATP in organisms
protein synthesis, organelles synthesis, DNA replication, cell division (mitosis), active transport, metabolic reactions, movements, maintaining body temerature
64
role of water in biology
found in living organisms = cytoplasm ( all organisms) , xylem/phloem( in plants), tissue fluid and blood( for animals) also acts as habitats for living organisms
65
properties of water
water molecules are dipolar hydrogen has slightly positive and oxygen is slightly negative therefore water can form hydrogen bonds with each other
66
what are inorganic ions
salts/ minerals inorganic= do not contain carbon eg sodium ions, chloride ions
67
water in living organisms - habitat
water had a high specific heat capacity meaning that a lot of heat needs to be aplied before it evaporates due to the h bonds also when water freezes it forms ice, as ice is less dense than water it floats insulating the water below it , in both cases water remains liquid to provide a habitat
68
water in living organisms- solvent
because water molecules are dipolar they can separate out solutes based on their charge, so solute mixes with water and becomes dissolved, this is useful in cytoplasm of all cells and supports the reaction of these solutes, also useful in the processes of diffusion/active transport, and is also useful in transport such as blood phloem
69
water in living organisms- hydrostatic pressure
water when pressurised can provide a strong physical pushing force. used particularly in mass flow. also helps keep turgidity in plants
70
water in living organisms- - homeostasis
mammals and humans control body temp by sweating, sweat on the skin uses heat from the blood to evaporate , hence, cooling the individual. because sweat/water is made up of hydrogen bonds, it has a stable structure, so requires large amounts of heat for it to evaporate. this is called LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION

A-level Biology (12 decks)

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