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Horticulture Soils > Module 1: > Flashcards

Module 1: Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Components of Soil

A

45% mineral material
5% organic matter
25% water
25% air

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2
Q

Physical Properties of Soil

A

Soil Texture
Soil Structure
Soil Porosity
Organic Components

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3
Q

LFH Horizon

A

> 30% organic matter
composed of leaves, twigs, and woody material

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4
Q

O Horizon

A

> 30% organic matter
composed of mosses, rushes, and woody material

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5
Q

A Horizon

A

<30% organic matter
near soil surface

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6
Q

E Horizon

A

leached of mineral/organic content

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7
Q

B Horizon

A

mineral horizon, subsoil, less organic than A

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8
Q

C Horizon

A

mineral horizon, not very organic

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9
Q

5 Factors of Soil Formation

A

Parent Material
Climate
Biota
Time
Topography

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10
Q

Soil Texture

A

relative size of mineral particles

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11
Q

Soil Structure

A

quality of soil particles binding to form larger particles

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12
Q

Soil Particle Surface Area

A

as particle size decreases, surface area increases.

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13
Q

Bulk Density

A

Measure of weight for a given volume of soil and gauges soil porosity/ compaction
Fine textured/organic soils have lower bulk density

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14
Q

Factors Influencing Soil Compaction

A

Structure
Soil Sortedness
compaction force
soil saturation

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15
Q

Cohesion

A

Bonding of like substances (water and water)

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16
Q

Adhesion

A

Bonding of different substances (water and soil)

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17
Q

Macropore

A

large channels btwn aggregated particles (peds and clods), allowing water and air flow.

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18
Q

Micropore (Capillary Pores)

A

Small channels within aggregated particles (peds and clods)

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19
Q

Soil Colloids

A

small soil particles (clay/humus), suspended in water solution

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20
Q

Available Water

A

water in soil between field capacity and permenent wilting point

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21
Q

Saturation Point

A

water cannot hold anymore water

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22
Q

Gravitational Water

A

Water that drains out of macropores (without charge)

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23
Q

Capillary Water

A

Water held in mircopores (with charge)

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24
Q

Field Capacity

A

after drained, the maximum water holding porosity

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25
Hygroscopic Water
water held to soil particles at permenent wilting point
26
Permenent Wilting Point
soil so dry that plants cannot pull any water from it.
27
Saturated Flow
movement of water when soil is saturated
28
Unsaturated Flow
movement of water at field capacity or lower
29
Primary Nutrients from Air:
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
30
Primary Macronutrients
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
31
Nitrogen Function
part of amino acids and chlorophyll (photosynthesis) essential for growth mobile deficient if leaves yellowing found in ammonium and nitrate
32
Phosphorus Function
in every living cell essential for growth, root development, flowering deficient if leaves turning red
33
Potassium Function
required for function of stomata deficient if leaf margins yellowing
34
Secondary Macronutrients
Magnesium, Calcium, Sulphur
35
Micronutrients
Aluminium, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Manganese, Molybdenum, Iron, Boron, and Chlorine
36
Mobile Nutrients
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Chlorine
37
Immobile Nutrients
Calcium, Sulphur, Iron, Boron, Copper, and Zinc
38
Raising pH
Use lime.
39
Lowering pH
Use elemental sulphur.
40
Carbon Cycle
Natures way of reusing carbon atoms which travel from atmosphere into organisms in the earth back into atmosphere over and over again.
41
Nitrogen Cycle Steps
1. Nitrogen fixation NH3 2. Nitrification NH3 to NO4 3. Assimilation NO4 to biological tissues 4. Ammonification biological tissues to NH3 5. Denitrification NH3 to N2
42
Nitrification
makes nitrogen available to plants by converting ammonia/um to nitrite/ate
43
Denitrification
nitrate converted to N2 in atosphere
44
Mineralization
organic matter to plant available nutrients
45
Immobilization
inorganic nutrients to insoluble organic forms
46
Nitrogen Fixation
bacteria fix atmosphere N to become available for plants through amino acids
47
Rhizobia
fix nitrogen, bacteria w mutualistic relationship with legumes
48
Frankia
bacteria w mutualistic N fixing relationship with examples alder and myrica
49
CEC
cation exchange capacity
50
1st Trophic Level
Photosynthesizers
51
2nd Trophic Level
Decomposers Mutualists Pathogens, parasites and root feeders
52
3rd Trophic Level
Shredders Predators Grazers
53
4th Trophic Level
Higher level predators
54
5th and higher Trophic Levels
Higher level predators
55
Parasitism
One organism lives off another organisms (not mutually benficial)
56
Mutualism
beneficial relationship between individuals of different species.
57
Mutualistic Bacteria
bacteria feeds on roots as an energy source in exchange for nitrogen for plants
58
Mychorryzal Fungi
association btwn mycelium of fungus and roots of a seed plant
59
Plant Root Exudates
chemicals that plant roots secrete into rhizosphere, creating reactions w soil organisms
60
Exogenous factors
UV Saturation Plant Stress
61
Endogenous factors
Lateral root production Flowering Age
62
Soil Quality
capacity of each soil to function within its natural/managed ecosystems and sustain productivity
63
Soil Health
condition of the soil and potential to sustain biological functions and environmental quality
64
Key Threats to Soil
erosion compaction land use change construction cultivation
65
Tools to prevent soil loss
compostable blankets berms erosion socks
66
Fresh manure
high salt and nitrogen weedy high carbon
67
Well Rotted Manure
less salt sometimes less carbon contains bedding materials mushroom growth
68
Mushroom Manure
less salt high pH 6.5 to 8 some pesticide residue
69
Sheep Manure
thoroughly digested no smell few weeds high salt
70
Poultry Manure
harmful to humans ph 6.5-8 sterile source calcium/nitrogen STINKY
71
Cow/Steer Manure
no weeds high salt
72
Pig Manure
needs to be well decomposed excellent C:N low salts
73
Types of Ammending Soil
roto tilling single/double digging green manures texturely biologically
74
Types of Composting
static pile static pile (enclosed) tumbler worm bin bokashi
75
C:N Ratio
bacteria that can decompose carbon also need nitrogen at a range of concentration (ideally 30:1)
76
Moisture Content
decomposing organisms need water (ideally 50-60%)
77
Surface Area
smaller particles decompose quicker
78
Temperature Compost
bacteria will create heat through respiration and high microbial activity.

Horticulture Soils (1 decks)

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