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Exercise Physiology APK6116C > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

________________ is the tendency for the body to maintain a constant and “normal” internal environment, with small fluctuations throughout the course of a day.

a.) homeostasis
b.) steady state
c.) positive feedback
d.) adaptations

A

a.) homeostasis

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2
Q

Systolic blood pressure at rest in a healthy person averages about 120mmHG throughout the course of a day. There are small fluctuations above and below 120mmHg, which are best described as ____________________.

a.) steady state
b.) positive feedback
c.) dynamic constancy
d.) adaptations

A

c.) dynamic constancy

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3
Q

Which of the following in an example of negative feedback?

a.) caffeine consumption resulting in an elevated heart rate
b.) high levels of testosterone in the blood signaling for more testosterone production
c.) small uterine contractions signaling for stronger uterine contractions
d.) high levels of testosterone in the blood signaling for a reduction in testosterone production

A

d.) high levels of testosterone in the blood signaling for a reduction in testosterone production

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4
Q

During moderate intensity exercise, HR may rise to around 120 bpm and then stay at this level until the intensity of exercise increases or decreases. What term best describes when HR stays at 120 bpm during constant load moderate intensity exercise?

a.) steady state
b.) dynamic constancy
c.) homeostasis
d.) positive feedback

A

a.) steady state

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5
Q

The precision with which a biological control system can maintain homeostasis is defined as __________________.

a.) positive feedback
b.) the gain of a control system
c.) steady state
d.) dynamic constancy

A

b.) the gain of a control system

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6
Q

True or False: a system with a large gain is more capable of maintaining homeostasis than a system with low gain.

A

True

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7
Q

What is the major molecule believed to activate the pathway that stimulates lipolysis in fat and muscle cells?

a.) calcium
b.) inorganic phosphate
c.) epinephrine
d.) ADP

A

c.) epinephrine

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8
Q

What is the mechanism by which the activated pathway initiates lipolysis?

a.) activates phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase
b.) stimulates phosphofructokinase
c.) phosphorylates a phosphate
d.) activates cytochrome oxides

A

a.) activates phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase

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8
Q

What is the mechanism by which the activated pathway initiates lipolysis?

a.) activates phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase
b.) stimulates phosphofructokinase
c.) phosphorylates a phosphate
d.) activates cytochrome oxides

A

a.) activates phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase

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9
Q

How much acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH would be created in beta oxidation from a 12 carbon fatty acid?

a.) 5 acetyl-CoA, 6 NADH, 6 FADH
b.) 5 acetyl-CoA, 5 NADH, 5 FADH
c.) 6 acetyl-CoA, 5 NADH, 5 FADH
d.) 6 acetyl-CoA, 6 NADH, 6 FADH

A

c.) 6 acetyl-CoA, 5 NADH, 5 FADH

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10
Q

What molecule created by muscle cells during high intensity exercise has the ability to inhibit lipolysis?

a.) ADP
b.) hydrogen ions
c.) lactate
d.) inorganic phosphate

A

c.) lactate

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11
Q

What is the purpose of inhibiting lipolysis during high intensity exercise?

a.) fatty acid oxidation is toxic at high levels due to CO2
b.) beta oxidation is not good at meeting high ATP demands
c.) the mitochondria can not process fatty acids when ATP demand is very high
d.) it spares glycogen during high intensity exercise

A

b.) beta oxidation is not good at meeting high ATP demands

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12
Q

What best describes a catabolic reaction?

a.) protein synthesis
b.) a breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
c.) ATP synthesis
d.) creating larger molecules from smaller ones

A

b.) a breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

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13
Q

_________ is the molecule that’s important for activating creatine kinase?

a.) phosphocreatine
b.) ATP
c.) ADP
d.) creatine

A

c.) ADP

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14
Q

What is the function of phosphocreatine?

a.) donate phosphate to ADP
b.) re-synthesize ADP
c.) power the myosin head
d.) breakdown ATP

A

a.) donate phosphate to ADP

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15
Q

What is a major limiting factor with regard to the phosphagen system?

a.) there are large quantities of phosphocreatine
b.) there are small quantities of phosphocreatine
c.) there are small quantities of ATP
d.) creatine kinase is hard to activate

A

b.) there are small quantities of phosphocreatine

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16
Q

What factor makes the phosphagen system the best option for muscle cells when ATP demand is very high during an activity such as a sprint?

a.) it makes better use of oxygen
b.) it can re-synthesize ATP in one step
c.) it produces ADP which stimulates creatine kinase
d.) it has stored ATP

A

b.) it can re-synthesize ATP in one step

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17
Q

What molecules activate glycogen phosphorylase?

a.) ATP and ADP
b.) epinephrine and calcium
c.) glucose and inorganic phosphate
d.) inorganic phosphate and ADP

A

b.) epinephrine and calcium

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18
Q

What molecule activates phosphofructokinase?

a.) ATP
b.) ADP
c.) epinephrine
d.) calcium

A

b.) ADP

19
Q

What is the possible reason why pyruvate gets converted to lactate?

a.) high ATP levels
b.) insufficient oxygen levels
c.) high calcium levels
d.) high oxygen levels

A

b.) insufficient oxygen levels

20
Q

What is the immediate purpose of converting pyruvate to lactate?

a.) so pyruvate can be oxidized
b.) resynthesize ATP
c.) regenerate NAD
d.) buffer ADP and inorganic phosphate levels

A

c.) regenerate NAD

21
Q

If anaerobic glycolysis only produces a net gain of 2 ATP, what is one possible purpose of the muscle cell ever utilizing it?

a.) it is the most efficient use of a glucose molecule
b.) it makes better use of available oxygen when ATP demand is high
c.) a net gain of 2 ATP is fine is ADP demand is low
d.) it produces ATP very quickly (bypassing oxygen) when ATP demand is high

A

d.) it produces ATP very quickly (bypassing oxygen) when ATP demand is high

22
Q

What is the first thing to happen to pyruvate once it enters into the mitochondria?

a.) it is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA
b.) it enters into the electron transport chain
c.) it is converted to lactate
d.) it enters into the citric acid (krebs) cycle

A

a.) it is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA

23
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle?

A

Krebs cycle

24
Q

What statement is best as summing up the citric acid cycle?

a.) It directly forms lots of ATP over a long time
b.) it directly produces a lot of ATP quickly
c.) it is needed to make CO2 for the cell
d.) it is a lot of oxidation reactions, which forms lots of NADH for the electron transport chain

A

d.) it is a lot of oxidation reactions, which forms lots of NADH for the electron transport chain

25
Q

What is the direct and immediate purpose of passing electrons down the electron transport chain?

a.) to directly produce ATP
b.) to form carbon dioxide
c.) to form water
d.) to pump hydrogens into the intermembrane space

A

d.) to pump hydrogens into the intermembrane space

26
Q

What is the primary function and importance of oxygen within the mitochondria?

a.) to oxidize the 4th complex
b.) to oxidize NADH
c.) to produce water for the cell
d.) to directly form ATP

A

a.) to oxidize the 4th complex

27
Q

What equates to or drives the proton motive force?

a.) the mitochondrial membrane potential
b.) the fact that complex 2 is an enzyme from the krebs cycle
c.) oxygen reducing complex 4
d.) complex 1 of the electron transport chain

A

a.) the mitochondrial membrane potential

28
Q

Why is it that during more moderate ATP demand instances, most pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria?

a.) because sufficient oxygen is coming to the electron transport chain
b.) because pyruvate transport proteins become available
c.) because lactate dehydrogenase is not available
d.) because enough lactate has been produced at this point

A

a.) because sufficient oxygen is coming to the electron transport chain

29
Q

AS ATP demand rises, ADP will accumulate and drive glycolysis at a faster rate. What may cause pyruvate to become backed up?

a.) insufficient oxygen to accept electrons from complex 4 in the electron transport chain
b.) insufficient amounts of NADH for glycolysis to operate
c.) less available lactate dehydrogenase
d.) more available lactate dehydrogenase

A

a.) insufficient oxygen to accept electrons from complex 4 in the electron transport chain

30
Q

As pyruvate accumulates during glycolysis, what happens next?

a.) it is converted into acetyl-CoA
b.) it is moved out of the cell into the interstitial fluid
c.) it is directly converted into NAD
d.) it is converted into lactate

A

d.) it is converted into lactate

31
Q

What is the benefit of pyruvate converting into lactate?

a.) Acetyl-CoA results in the production of a lot of ATP to meet ATP demand
b.) it allows the cell to meet ATP demand by using anaerobic glycolysis combined with aerobic glycolysis
c.) pyruvate can be utilized by other cells if it is removed
d.) converting pyruvate into NAD allows for greater ATP production from NAD

A

b.) it allows the cell to meet ATP demand by using anaerobic glycolysis combined with aerobic glycolysis

32
Q

What would ultimately have to happen in order for the cell to fatigue?

a.) an insufficient amount of oxygen will cause fatigue
b.) too much lactate production
c.) too much pyruvate produced
d.) ATP demand rising above the capacity of anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis

A

d.) ATP demand rising above the capacity of anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis

33
Q

What is the core of the plasma membrane mostly composed of?

a.) fatty acid tails
b.) integral proteins
c.) cholesterol
d.) phosphate heads

A

a.) fatty acid tails

34
Q

What can most polar and ionic molecules not cross the plasma membrane?

a.) because they don’t have any integral proteins in the membrane
b.) because the core of the plasma membrane is non-polar which rejects them
c.) because they lack a charge
d.) because the core of the plasma membrane is polar which binds them

A

b.) because the core of the plasma membrane is non-polar which rejects them

35
Q

Which type of transport involves molecules moving from a high to low concentration through the plasma membrane with no integral protein?

a.) osmosis
b.) simple diffusion
c.) diffusion through channels
d.) facilitated diffusion

A

b.) simple diffusion

36
Q

Which type of transport involves the diffusion of ions past an integral protein to provide the energy to pump other molecules or atoms from a low to high concentration?

a.) primary active
b.) secondary active
c.) facilitated diffusion
d.) osmosis

A

b.) secondary active

37
Q

True or False: the brain is located in the Central Nervous System.

A

True

38
Q

____________ are neurons that send information from the PNS to the CNS.

a.) motor neurons
b.) somatic neurons
c.) autonomic neurons
d.) sensory neurons

A

d.) sensory neurons

39
Q

____________ are neurons that send information from the central nervous system.

a.) motor neurons
b.) sensory neurons
c.) sympathetic neurons
d.) parasympathetic neurons

A

a.) motor neurons

40
Q

True or False: we have conscious control over our autonomic neurons.

A

False

41
Q

_________ receives information in the form of electricity and sends it towards the trigger zone.

a.) cell body
b.) dendrite
c.) axon terminal
d.) axon hillock

A

b.) dendrite

42
Q

__________ are the branches of the axon where the action potential will spread before reaching the axon button.

a.) dendrites
b.) axon terminals
c.) nodes of Ranvier
d.) myelin sheath

A

b.) axon terminals

43
Q

True or False: Schwann cells create one section of myelin sheath in the PNS, whereas oligodendrocytes create multiple sections in the CNS.

A

True

44
Q

Are muscle fibers more or less reliant on fatty acids during rest?

A

more reliant

45
Q

______________ is a type of diffusion where pores serve as a passageway for ionic and polar molecules to travel.

a.) simple diffusion
b.) diffusion through channels
c.) facilitated diffusion
d.) primary active transport

A

b.) diffusion through channels

Exercise Physiology APK6116C (4 decks)

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