Module 1 Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
What is the theory of spontaneous generation?
A
Life arises spontaneously from nonliving material
2
Q
Name some of the detractors of spontaneous generation, who went on to disprove the theory.
A
Francisco Redi, Louis pasteur, John Tyndall
3
Q
What did Francesco Redi do for his experiment?
A
He was an Italian biologist. The demonstrated worms and rotting meat came from exit flies, landing on the meat.
4
Q
True or false the beneficial microbes can become pathogens
A
True
5
Q
True or false less than 1% of all microbial species can be grown in studied in the laboratory
A
True
6
Q
What is biodegradation?
A
The process by which organic substances are decomposed by micro organisms into simpler substances, such as carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia
7
Q
What is bioremediation?
A
Using micro organisms to hasten decay of pollutants
8
Q
Bacteria, synthesize, commercially, valuable products list, an example
A
 Amino acids into dietary supplements
9
Q
True or false genetic engineering includes: the introduction of jeans into another organism, disease, resistant plants, production of medication’s
A
True
10
Q
All living things can be classified into one of the three groups or domains. What are these domains called?
A
Bacteria, archaea, eucarya
11
Q
List characteristics of bacteria
A
Single, celled, prokaryotes, no membrane, bound nucleus, no other membrane, bound organelles, DNA in nucleoid, most have a specific shape, multiply via binary fission, move with flagella
12
Q
Where is DNA kept in bacteria?
A
The nucleoid
13
Q
What is archaea classified as?
A
Prokaryotes
14
Q
How do archaea multiply?
A
Binary fission
15
Q
Describe the characteristics of eukaryotes
A
They have a true nucleus, membrane bound, organelles there more complex than prokaryotes microbial members include fungi, algae, and protozoa
16
Q
True or false algae have Richard cell walls
A
True
17
Q
True or false algae have many flagella
A
True
18
Q
True or false fungi can be single celled or multicellular
A
 True
19
Q
True or false protozoa are prokaryotes
A
False, they are eukaryotes
20
Q
True or false can eukaryotes be single celled
A
True
21
Q
Are protozoa, larger or smaller than prokaryotes
A
Larger
22
Q
True or false protozoa have a rigid cell wall
A
False
23
Q
True or false protozoa are motile
A
True, most are motile
24
Q
True or false viruses viroids and prions are all obligate intracellular agents
A
This is false, only viruses and viroids are obligate intracellular agents.
25
What are prions?
They are abnormal form of a cellular proteins
26
True or false virus consist of either DNA or RNA and are surrounded by a protein coat
True
27
True or false viroids consist of only RNA no protein coat
True
28
True or false prions consist of proteins no DNA or RNA
True
29
 in viruses, infected, living cells are termed blank
Hosts
30
How do viruses multiply
They multiply using host machinery, nutrients
31
True or false viruses are active outside of hosts
This is false, they are inactive, they are obligate intracellular parasites
32
True or false viroids are simpler than viruses
True
33
True or false viroids require host cells for replication
True
34
True or false viroids can cause plant diseases
True
35
True, or false viroids, or simpler than viruses
True
36
What are prions
Infectious proteins, Miss folded versions of normal cellular proteins, found in brain
37
In prions, abnormal proteins, bind to form blank
Fibrils
38
How do you prions function?
Prions, cause miss folded version to force the normal version of miss fold in the cells are unable to function of normal proteins. Bind to form form fibrils.
39
Name the three infectious agents
Viruses, viroids, prions
40
What are protists?
A eukaryotic organism that is not an animal plant or fungus. An example is algae or protozoa.
41
Are protists multicellular or unicellular
They are unicellular eukaryotes
42
Objective lens forms, blank image
Real
43
In magnification, ocular lens forms the blank image
Virtual
44
True, or false shorter wavelengths provide a better resolution
True
45
What are dark field microscopes?
They are microscope’s that directs light towards specimens at an angle, only like scattered by specimen, enters, objective lens, cells appear as bright object against the dark background
46
Blank microscope allows visible light to pass through a series of lenses to produce a magnified image. They are relatively easy to use and considerably less expensive than other types of microscopes.
Light
47
Right field, dark field and face contractor, all types of blank microscope’s
Light
48
What is the most common type of microscope?
Bright Field
49
What is the brightfield microscope do?
Illuminates the field of view evenly
50
What does the dark field microscope do?
Light is directed towards the specimen, add an angle it makes unstained sells easier to see organism stand out as bright objects against the dark background
51
What is phase contrast light microscope?
Increases contrast by amplifying differences in refractive index. It makes unsustained cells easier to see.
52
What is the differential interference contrast microscope?
It’s a type of light microscope that has two beams of light, passing through the specimen, and then it re-combines. The image of the specimen appears three-dimensional.
53
What type of microscope shows the specimen as three dimensional
Differential interference contrast
54
What type of microscope projects ultraviolet light causing fluorescent molecules in the specimen to omit longer wavelengths light. It is used to observe cells stained, or tagged with a fluorescent dye.
Florescence microscope
55
What kind of microscope mirrors scan a laser beam across successive regions and planes of a specimen. From the information of computer construction image
Scanning laser microscope
56
What are the two types of electron microscopes?
Transmission and scanning
57
What does a transmission electron microscope do?
Transmits a beam of electrons through a specimen
58
What does a scanning electron microscope do?
A beam of electrons scans back-and-forth over the surface of a specimen
59
What is a transmission electron microscope used?
It is used in elaborate specimen preparation is required
60
When is the scanning electron microscope used?
It’s used for observing surface details and produces a three-dimensional effect
61
What is an atomic force microscope?
Are you done? A probe moves in response to even the slightest force between it in the sample
62
What is the purpose of heat fixation?
He fixation adheres to the cells to the slide, and coagulates the bacterial proteins effectively killing the bacteria
63
True or false basic dyes are positively charged
True, the dye sticks to the specimen attracted to negatively charged cellular components.
64
True or false acidic dyes are negatively charged
True
65
What are some examples of basic dyes?
Crystal violet, Safranin
66
Give an example of an acidic dye?
Congo red
67
True or false: The dye does not stick to the specimen, it’s sticks to the background
This is true
68
True or false heat fixation is required with acidic dyes.
False
69
What is the difference between a simple stain and a differential stain?
Simple stains only require one single dye, differential stains, use to differently, color, dyes, the primary die in the counterstain.
70
What color is negative 
Bacteria?
Red or pink
71
What color is gram-positive bacteria?
Purple
72
What type of staining and is used to detect mycobacterium?
Acid fast staining
73
What are special stains?
They are used to emphasize certain cell parts that are not revealed by conventional staining methods
74
List two examples of special stains
Capsule staining and flagellar staining
75
What is the purpose of the capsule stain?
To reveal the presence of bacterial capsule
76
What is an endospore stain?
Is staying that uses heat to facility uptake of primary dye
77
True or false negative staining is used with basic dyes.
This is false, acidic dyes are used typically India ink, or nigrosin
78
Why are cells stained and light microscopy
To enhance visualization of the cell or certain cellular components under a microscope
79
Which of the three domains have prokaryotic type cell structures?
Bacteria
80
Which types microscopy allows visualization of three-dimensional cell structure?
Fluorescence
81
Why are cationic dyes used for general microscopy of cells?
 The cationic dyes find the bacterial cells which can be easily observed against bright background. It stains the bacteria
82
True or false Archaea are considered prokaryotic cells
True
83
What are the two most common types of prokaryotic cells specifically shape
Coccus - spherical
Rod - cylindrical
84
How do most prokaryotic cells divide
Binary fission
85
Define Diplococcus
A chain of 2 cocci
86
What type of shape does Neisseria gonorrhoeae have?
Diplococcus
87
What type of shape does Streptococcus have?
Long chains of cocci
88
What type of shape does Sarcina have?
Cubical packets
89
What type of shape does staphylococcus have?
Grape like clusters
90
What is myxobacteria?
A group of bacteria that predominately live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances 
91
What is glycolcalyx and where is it found in the prokaryotic cell?
Glycocalyx is a coding or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective adhesive in receptor functions. It may fit tightly or be very loose and diffuse
92
Describe the properties of the bacterial chromosome or nucleoid.
The nucleoid is composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetic in heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins.
93
What is the pilus?
An elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells.
94
What is the plasmid on the prokaryotic cell?
It’s double stranded DNA circle containing extra jeans
95
True or false prokaryotic cells have a cell wall
True they have a semi rigid wall casing that provide structural support and shape for the cell
96
What is the actin cytoskeleton?
Long fibers of proteins that encircles the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell
97
What is an endospore?
Dormant body formed within some of the bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions 
98
What is the fimbriae?
Find hair like bristles, extending from the cell surface, that health and adhesion to other cells and surfaces
99
What is simple diffusion?
Movement from high to low concentration the speed depends on the concentration
100
What is osmosis? 
Diffusion of water across selective permeable membrane due to unequal solute concentrations 
101
Blank diffusion is a form of passive transport 
Facilitated
102
Does facilitated diffusion require energy?
No energy required
103
Does active transport require energy?
Yes, uses ATP and proton motive force for the two main mechanism
104
Which way does active transport move?
Movement is against the gradient
105
What does group translocation?
The transport molecules chemically altered as it passes into the cell
106
Give an example of group translocation
Phosphorylation
107
True or false in group translocation the transfer, chemically altered the substance as it is transported across the membrane
True
108
Where is the electron transport chain found?
Embedded in the membrane
109
What makes an aqua Pourin distinct from a permease?
Permease are transport proteins that enable to transport of a specific molecule in or out of the cell in the direction of a concentration gradient. Permease is a form of facilitated diffusion. Aqua Pourin is just the transport of water.
110
How does a high sugar or salt concentration work as a food preservative?
It reduces the growth of microorganisms which prevents food spoilage. Salts and sugars, prevent microbial growth by dehydration and osmosis.
111
What types of transport would operate if a cell were temporary unavailable to make ATP?
Cellular swelling, as water follows sodium into the cell
112
True or false gram-negative bacteria have its been peptidoglycan layer
True
113
True or false gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane and gram-positive bacteria do not
True
114
Sure false Lipo polysaccharide is not present in gram-positive bacteria, but it is president in Graham negative bacteria
True
115
Which type of bacteria is it positive or negative that has porn proteins?
Graham negative bacteria have for proteins. These proteins allow molecules to pass through the outer membrane.
116
Is gram-positive or gram-negative sensitive to penicillin?
Gram-positive is more susceptible
117
Is gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria sensitive to lysozymes?
Gram-positive bacteria
118
List a few examples of Graham negative bacteria
E. coli, nessieria, pseudomonas
119
List a few examples of gram-positive bacteria
Bacillus, staphylococcus, Streptococcus
120
What is the counterstain in gram staining?
Safranin.
121
What is the outer layer of gram-negative cell wall called?
LPS, Lipo polysaccharide, then the outer layer contains outer membrane contains lipid, bilayer, peptidoglycan underneath, finally cytoplasmic or the inner membrane, lipid bilayer
122
True or false in a gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane bilayers made of Lipo polysaccharide
True
123
What does LPS called?
Endotoxin
124
True or false peptidoglycan makes a good target since it’s unique to bacteria
 True 
125
How does penicillin interfere with gram-positive bacteria?
It prevents the cross-linking of adjacent like in chains and interferes with the peptidoglycan synthesis
126
What is a lysozyme and how is it destructive?
A lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks bonds Linking glycan chain. It is found in tears, saliva and other bodily fluids, it destroys a structural integrity of the peptidoglycan molecule.
127
True or false penicillin affects bacteria that lack a cell wall
False
128
True or false lysozymes affect a bacteria that lack a cell wall
False
129
Cytoplasmic membranes contain blank that increase strength

Sterols
130
Do you Arquilla have a peptidoglycan wall?
No
131
Does bacteria, or archaea have S layers there is self assemble.
Archaea
132
What is a capsule?
It’s a gel like layer outside the cell wall that protects or allows attachment to surface, the capsule is distinct in Gelatinous
133
What is the slime layer?
It’s a gel like layer outside of the cell that protects or allows attachment to the surface. The slime layer can diffuse and it’s irregular.
134
Give an example of bio film
Dental plaque
135
What is peritrichous?
Flagella that is distributed over the entire surface of the cell
136
What is polar flagellum?
A single flagellum at one end of the cell 
137
What’s the three parts of the flagella?
Filament, hook, basal body
138
What is chemotaxis?
Movement of modal, cell, or organism, or part of one in the direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance
139
True or false in chemotaxis nutrients Maia, tracked in toxins, may repel
True
140
Name a filamentous protein appendage that allows the surface attachment
Fimbriae
141
What is a sex pilus used for?
Joins bacteria together in transfers, DNA
142
Do prokaryotes, have circular or linear DNA
Circular double stranded, DNA
143
What shape are plasmids?
Circular, super coiled, double strand of DNA
144
What are plasmids
Hey small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms they can replicate independently
145
How big is the prokaryotic ribosome?
70 S
146
What are the two subunits of the prokaryotic ribosome?
30 S and 50 S
147
How big is the eukaryotic ribosome?
80S
148
True or false in eukaryotic ribosomes antibiotics impacting the 70 S ribosome do not affect the 80S ribosome
True, also know that the 70 S ribosome is a small subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome in the 30S +50 S combined is the large subunit
149
What are storage granules?
Membrane bounded vesicles containing condense materials
150
What are gas vesicles?
Hollow structures made of proteins , they are controlled by buoyancy 
151
What are endospores
A unique type of dormant cell
152
What are some properties of endospores?
They are resistant to heat, chemicals, UV, boiling water. And as far as that survive can germinate to become vegetative cells.
153
True or false, bacillus, clostridium produce endospores
True
154
What does sporulation
It’s triggered by carbon, and nitrogen, limitation
155
What is the process of sporulation?
Vegetative growth stops DNA is replicated, a septum forms and divides the cells asymmetrically, the larger compartment and golf, the smaller compartment forming force for with in a mother cell, peptidoglycan, containing material is laid down between the two membranes, the now surround the force forespore, the mother cells degraded and the endospore is released
156
What is the purpose of sporulation?
It protects the cell and exposure to heat and chemicals, it’s endospore layers, prevent damage
157
I you were given three cultures, including in Archaea, micro plasma, and gram-positive bacteria. Describe at least three ways you could tell which culture was, which.

Examine under microscope, Gram stain
158
How are prokaryotic cell structures involved with pathogenicity?
Prokaryotic structures consist of bacteria which are involved in spreading pathogens and creating disease
159
A what is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Is a Site were macromolecule synthesize in the endoplasmic reticulum in our modified before being transported, vesicles other destinations
160
True or false Golgi apparatus is found in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
This is false they are only found in eukaryotic cells
161
What is lysosome?
The membrane bound, organelle digest macromolecules
162
What is peroxisome?
It’s a Site were oxidation of lipids and toxic chemicals occurs
163
Where is ATP synthesis performed in eukaryotes
Mitochondria
164
In eukaryotes, where is ribosomal RNA synthesized
Nucleolus 
165
Where are ribosomes synthesized in prokaryotic cells?
The cytosol
166
What is the Endo symbiotic theory?
Is the theory that mitochondria evolved from bacterial cells?
167
Where is the site of photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
168
What is the Endo symbiotic theory state about chloroplasts?
Evolved from cyanobacteria
169
Peroxisome’s use blank to degrade, lipids and detoxify chemicals
Oxygen
170
How do you prokaryotic  and eukaryotic cells differ in chromosome, location and cell division?
Prokaryotic cells divide through binary fission, the chromosome is located in the nucleoid, which is not a membrane bound organelle. In eukaryotes, the chromosomes, replicate and mitosis is followed by division, chromosomes in the nucleus.
171
How does the membrane, cell wall, chromosome, flagella differ from eukaryotic cells to prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have relatively symmetric cell membranes with respect to the lipid content of the bilayers, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and negative. Bacteria have an outer membrane as well, chromosome is circular is composed of proteins, subunits attached the cell envelope. In eukaryotic structures, there’s a highly asymmetric cell membrane, the cell walls absent in animal cells, and it may include chitin, glucans, mannans, and fungi and cellulose in plants. There’s multiple linear DNA molecules wrapped around histones for the chromosome. The flagella is made up of 9+2 arrangement of microtubules covered by an extension of the plasma membrane.
172
Why might eukaryotic cells be sensitive to antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections?
173
True or false prokaryotic cells replicate through binary fission at exponential growth
True
174
Chewer, false biofilms result when organisms attached to a substrate buy some form of extra cellular matrix a bind them together and complex organize layers
True
175
Describe the process by which bio films form
First first, the bacteria moved to the surface and add here then the bacteria. Multiply and produce extra polymeric substances (eps). Sells then create channels in the EPS that allows nutrients and waste products to pass some cells, detached and moved to other surfaces to create additional biofilms.
176
What is the purpose of aseptic technique?
The procedure to keep unwanted organisms from contaminating the pure culture.
177
Time required for complete fission cycle is called the blank or blank time
Generation, doubling
178
Describe the five stages of the growth curve for bacteria
First is the lag phase than exponential growth and stationary phase than the death phase
179
During the blank phase no cell division occurs when bacteria adapt to their new environment
Lag phase
180
What are the name of bacteria that live in extreme harsh environments?
Extremophiles
181
What is the psychrophile?
Optimum temperature between -5°C in 15°C
182
What is obligate aerobe?
Requires oxygen
183
What is obligate anaerobe?
 Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
184
What is facultative anaerobe?
It grows best if oxygen is present, but I can also grow without it
185
What is microaerophile?
It requires small amounts of oxygen, but higher concentrations are inhibitory
186
What is aerotolerant anaerobe?
It’s indifferent to oxygen
187
What is selective media do?
Inhibits, growth of certain species
188
What is differential media do?
It contains substances that microbes change in identifiable Ways
189
Differentiate between sterilization and disinfection and pasteurization
Sterilization is the removal of all microorganisms, disinfection is the elimination of most, or all pathogens, and pasteurization is brief, heading to reduce the number of spoilage organisms and destroy pathogens
190
Sure, fall sterilizing an item is free of microbes, including endospores and viruses, but does not consider prions
True
191
What is an organism that is resistant to chemical disinfectant?
C. Parvam, may cause diarrhea.
192
Where is C.Parvumfound.
Water
193
What are DBPs and how are they formed?
Disinfection byproducts, which can result from chlorine treatment of water. Some DBPs are link to long-term health risks.
194
How do antimicrobials work?
Disrupts the cell membrane, which results in a loss of selective permeability, the detergents disrupt the membrane
195
Why is handwashing one of the most vital antimicrobial techniques in the situation?
196
What makes proteins the targets of so many antimicrobial agents? 
197
What is an auto clave do?
It’s used to sterilize during pressurize steam. It increases pressure raises temperature and kills all endospores.
198
What is designed to destroy Clostridium botulinum endospores?
Commercial canning process
199
Why is the commercial canning process important
It is critical, because otherwise endospores can germinate in canned foods, cells grow in low acid, anaerobic conditions, and produce botulinum toxin.
200
Which one is more effective dry heat or moist heat.
Moist heat
201
What is dry heat do and what is it used for?
It’s an incineration method it oxidize cells to ashes it’s used to destroy medical waste to the animal carcasses
202
What method of sterilization is used to sterilize the inoculation loop in a lab
Dry heat
203
True or false UV radiation destroys microbes directly
True
204
True or false UV radiation has a poor, penetrating power
This is true, thin filaments are coverings can limit a fact, cannot kill, microbes in solids or turbid liquids, most glasses in plastic block, the UV radiation
205
Blank is used in pasteurization of commercial foods
High pressure
206
Which type of microbe would be the least likely to be removed by passage through the HEPA filter?
207
What are some drawback to using radiation to preserve food?
208
We were false, quaternary, ammonium compounds are not effective on endospores, mycobacteria and naked viruses
True
209
Can staphylococcus Aurus grow in high salt environments.
Yes
210
What are the three processes used to generate ATP?
Substrate level, phosphorylation, oxidative, phosphorylation, photo phosphorylation 
211
True or false E. coli can grow in glucose salts, medium
This is true
212
What are the several types of work done by the cell?
213
Why does a terminal electron acceptor need to be very electronegative?
214
What is allosteric regulation?
Enzyme activity is controlled by bonding to allosteric site. This distorts, the enzyme, shape and prevents or enhances binding. This allows for feedback inhibition.
215
In enzyme inhibition, which is a type of inhibitor that binds to active site of the enzyme
Competitive inhibitor
216
Is allosteric inhibition an example of competitive inhibition 
No
217
What are the qualities of a good competitive inhibitor? 
218
Can allosteric regulators activate enzymes?
Some can
219
How many total ATP does glycolysis generate? NADH ? Net
2 ATP and 2 NADH
220
What is the net CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 produced in citric acid cycle?
Two, two, six, two
221
What is the pentose phosphate pathway do?
It breaks down glucose and also generates reducing power NADPH
222
What drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase?
Electron transport chain
223
What is the meaning of reducing power?
224
How glycolysis link catabolism with anabolism?
225
Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
226
Where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes?
In the cytoplasmic membrane
227
What is the product produced as an end product during anaerobic respiration and E. coli?
Hydrogen sulfide
228
In the electron transport chain every three protons required for every ATP true or false
This is true
229
E. coli is a facultative anaerobe
True
230
What does Streptococcus pneumoniae lack
Etc
231
What are the micro organisms found in lactic acid?
Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus
232
And fermentation what are the micro organisms found an ethanol
Saccharomyces
233
In butyric acid, what is the microorganism found?
Clostridium
234
What are the micro organisms found with propanoic acid fermentation?
Propionibacterium
235
In fermenting next acid, what is the microorganism found
E. coli
236
What enzyme, digest starch?
Amylase
237
What enzyme digest cellulose?
Cellulase
238
What would be the effect of a molecule with greater electronegative than oxygen on respiration?
239
What will be required for cells to you cellulose as a source for electrons
240
Where is the prokaryotic Calvin cycle apparatus located?
241
What are the benefits of using feedback inhibition to control tryptophan synthesis in prokaryotes?
242
What are the properties of mycobacteria?
Gram-positive, catalase, positive non-metal non-spore, forming rod shaped bacteria no cell wall
243
What can phenolics kill?
Mycobacterium in most vegetative bacteria
244
What is nitrate and nitrite stop the growth of
Clostridium botulinum
245
What does lyophilization?
Freeze drying foods
246
Blank, obtains energy from organic compounds
Chemoorganotrophs
247
True or false ExerGonic reaction have more free energy
True
248
True or false ender Gonic reaction products have more free energy
True
249
Define thylakoids
Cyanobacteria: Photosystems in membranes of stacked structures inside sell, termed thylakoids
250
Algae
Domain: Eucarya
Singled celled or mulicellular
251
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Flagella
Rigid cell walls
252
Bioremediation
Using microorganisms to hasten decay of pollutants
253
Emerging diseases and drivers
- pathogens become resistant to anti microbial medications
- Increased travel and immigration
- changes in population
- chronic diseases caused by bacteria
254
Helminths
A type of multicellular eukaryotic organism
255
Obligate intracellular parasite
Inactive virus outside of host. Must have host to be active
256
Acid-fast stain
- used to detect mycobacterium
- high concentrations of mycolic acid
- differential stain
257
Active transport
Low to high
258
Teichoic acid
Anionic polymers found in gram-positive bacteria
