Module 2

Question 1

What is a replisome?

Answer 1

The complex of enzymes and other proteins that synthesize DNA

Question 2

RNA polymerase synthesizes blank

Answer 2

Single stranded RNA

Question 3

Where does RNA polymerase fine to during transcription and bacteria

Answer 3

Promoter

Question 4

Sing a factor recognizes blank

Answer 4

Promoter

Question 5

The five prime and is capped with methylene guanine derivative

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True or false the three prime and has the poly a tail

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is signal transduction do?

Answer 7

Transmits information from outside of the salt inside and allows cells to monitor and react

Question 8

What is quorum sensing?

Answer 8

Some organisms can sense density of their population and allows cells to activate jeans, useful with critical mass, some contact interfere with signaling molecules of other species

Question 9

Which strand of DNA synthesized continuously and discontinuously

Answer 9

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, why the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously

Question 10

 what’s an example of a response regulator?

Answer 10

Phosphate group is transferred from sensors. Example includes E. coli using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor

Question 11

What is antigenic variation?

Answer 11

Antigenic variation is alteration of characteristics of surface proteins. It allows pathogens to stay one step ahead of the host defenses.

Question 12

Give an example of antigenic variation

Answer 12

This N. Gonorrhoeae has many jeans for pilin , the proteins subunits of Pili

Question 13

What type of enzymes are synthesized continuously?

Answer 13

Constitutive

Question 14

Give an example of constitutive enzymes

Answer 14

Enzymes of glycolysis

Question 15

Which enzymes are not routinely produced

Answer 15

Inducible

Question 16

Give a clear explanation of inducible enzymes

Answer 16

They are enzymes that are not routinely produced. Therefore, they are synthesized only when needed, and example is beta galactosidase, which is turned on only when lactose is present the purpose of these enzymes are to avoid waste of resources.

Question 17

What are enzymes that are produced routinely

Answer 17

Repressible enzymes

Question 18

Give a definition of a pestle enzymes, and include an example

Answer 18

Repressible enzymes are produced routinely. They are turned off when not required an example of anabolic pathways, such as amino acid synthesis.

Question 19

What are the two most common ways to control transcription?

Answer 19

Alternative sigma factors in DNA binding proteins

Question 20

Describe alternative sigma factors

Answer 20

Please component of RNA polymerase that recognize a specific promoters for genes that are expressed during routine growth conditions

Question 21

Correlation in blank is controlled by multiple different alternative sigma factors

Answer 21

Bacillus subtilis

Question 22

What happens in the repressor is bind to the operator specifically what happens to transcription

Answer 22

Transcription is blocked

Question 23

What happens to transcription when the inducer binds to the repressor

Answer 23

Transcription occurs because the end-user is blocking the repressor from finding to the operator

Question 24

What happens in the co repressor binds to the repressor

Answer 24

Transcription is turned off

Question 25

Describe the properties of staphylococcus Aureas.

Answer 25

Gram-positive caucus commonly called staph.

Question 26

Which bacteria is typically a frequent cause of skin wound infections

Answer 26

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 27

What is staphylococcus aureus tested with ?

Answer 27

Penicillin like anabiotics

Question 28

What are auxotroph’s?

Answer 28

A group of organisms that lost the ability to synthesize certain substances required for their growth going to the presence of mutations

Question 29

What is a Prototroph?

Answer 29

Any microorganism that synthesize its nutrients from inorganic material

Question 30

True or false base substitutions are more common in aerobic environments

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Reactive, oxygen species

Answer 31

A type of unstable molecule that contains oxygen and easily reacts with other molecules in a cell

Question 32

DNA polymerase often miss pairs with blank

Answer 32

Adenine

Question 33

Imitation the inactivates genes is termed a

Answer 33

Null or knockout mutation

Question 34

An agent that induces a change is blank

Answer 34

Mutagen

Question 35

 Nitrous acid converts, blank to blank

Answer 35

Cytosine to uracil

Question 36

Alkylating agents, add blank groups onto nucleobases

Answer 36

Alkyl groups

Question 37

What is a common intercalating agent?

Answer 37

Ethidium bromide

Question 38

What is used to treat malaria?

Answer 38

Chloroquine

Question 39

What is phase variation?

Answer 39

It involves switching genes on and off

Question 40

What does glycosylase do in modification of nucleobases in DNA?

Answer 40

 Glycosylase removes oxidized nucleobases

Question 41

How are mutants isolated?

Answer 41

Direct selection which involves the cells inoculated onto a medium that supports growth of mutant, but not parrot

Question 42

What does indirect selection?

Answer 42

Isolates auxotroph from Proto trophic parents strain

Question 43

What does the Ames test measure?

Answer 43

It measures the effect of chemical on reverse rate of histidine requiring Salmonella auxotroph

Question 44

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 44

The movement of genetic information between organisms a process that includes the spread of antibiotic resistant genes among bacteria

Question 45

Describe the process of transformation in DNA

Answer 45

Bacteria takes up circular, plasmid, DNA rounding environment from the surrounding environment 

Question 46

What is the process of transduction?

Answer 46

DNA enclosed in a bacteriophage coat

Question 47

Process of conjugation

Answer 47

DNA transfer between bacterial cells

Question 48

What is transduction?

Answer 48

Bacteria DNA that is transferred to other bacteria through viruses

Question 49

Which method of gene transfer uses bacteriophages

Answer 49

Transduction

Question 50

True or false plasmids have a host range of Graham negative and gram-positive bacteria

Answer 50

True

Question 51

What are R plasmids?

Answer 51

Resistance plasmids are responsible for resistance to drugs/ antibiotics

Question 52

What are F plasmids?

Answer 52

Extra chromosome, or DNA that contains genes coding for fertility factor

Question 53

What does Argobacterium tumefaciens cause?

Answer 53

Grown gall (causes a plant tumor) when injected into plants

Question 54

Engineer, plants and animals are termed

Answer 54

Transgenic