module 1

Question 1

what is diagnosis

Answer 1

a process where patient data is collected and elevated to determine prgnosis and possible interventions

Question 2

what is the purpose of diagnosis

Answer 2

to increase the certity of making a diagnosis beyound the threshold of clinical desion

Question 3

in PT what can diagnosis do

Answer 3

steer an examination toward specific body region/system

rule out red flags that require refferals

assist in classifiy a patient into a specific group

Question 4

why are diagnostic tests helpful for clincians

Answer 4

ID the accuracy of commonly used tests

ID other properties of diagnostic tests -reliablity, acceptablity, and feasiblity in the clinic

ID other tests

Question 5

what is the first step in the EBP progress

Answer 5

ask

Question 6

PICOT - I diagnostic

Answer 6

diagnostic test

Question 7

PICOT - C diagnostic

Answer 7

goals standard, or another diagnostic test

Question 8

PICOT - O diagnostic

Answer 8

the condition of interest

shoulder pain

Question 9

PICOT - T diagnostic

Answer 9

time frame

Question 10

what is a cross sectional study

Answer 10

a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time

Question 11

what is a longitudinal study

Answer 11

A longitudinal study is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time.

Question 12

what is the optimal study design for diagnostic studies

Answer 12

prospective blind comparison

gold standard vs diagnostic test

Question 13

Is cross section study or long better for diagnostic studies

Answer 13

cross sectional studies

looking at the diagnostic accuracy of the test

Question 14

Hierarchy of evidence for diagnostic evidence

Answer 14

1. systematic review, meta analysis
2. cross sectional - reference, blinding
3. cross sectional - inconsistance reference, no blinding
4. case control
5. opinion based, mech-based reason

Question 15

what is a case control study

Answer 15

group of cases, which are the individuals who have the outcome of interest.
construct a second group of individuals called the controls, who are similar to the case individuals but do not have the outcome of interest.

The researcher then looks at historical factors to identify if some exposure(s) is/are found more commonly in the cases than the controls.

Question 16

what is a prospective study

Answer 16

A prospective study watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor(s)

Question 17

what is a retrospective study

Answer 17

ooks backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study

Question 18

what does the STARD checklist cover

Answer 18

title, absract, keywords

intro

methods

result

discussion

Question 19

what does the STARD check list look at

Answer 19

used by author/researchers publishing a study on the diagnostic accuracy of a test

Question 20

what are common threats to validity seen in studies of diagnostics

Answer 20

bad or wrong gold standard

spectrum or selection bias

lack of rater blinding

lack of operation def neg and positive results

absent intermediate test finding

Question 21

what is selection bias

Answer 21

study sample is not representative of the population being studied

Question 22

what is a rater

Answer 22

assess the symptoms, signs, and outcomes of clinical trial participants using standardized assessment tools

Question 23

in order for research to be valid what has to be said about the diagnostic test

Answer 23

the test was described clearly

reliablity of the test stated

Question 24

in order for research to be valid what has to be said about the gold standard

Answer 24

the diagnostic test of interest (DTI) has to be compared to it

gold standard and DTI has to be performed and interpreted independently

both test applied in a appropriate time frame

Question 25

in order for research to be valid what has to be done at the conclusion

Answer 25

the results have to be comfirmed in a new set of subjects

Question 26

test subject and validity

Answer 26

have to make sure that the test subjects are representative of those the test would be applied to commonly confused diagnosis typical clinical presentation mild to serve symptoms

Question 27

what happens if the study includes only patient with obvious presentations of the disease

Answer 27

this can inflate to the diagnostic capacities of the test

Question 28

when does selection bias occur

Answer 28

studies with narrow edibility criteria retrospective study design during recruitment

Question 29

what can occur during recruitment to cause selection bias

Answer 29

recruiting from a single location recruiting from a location where the prevalence of the disease is higher recruitment of a connivence sample - not random or consecutive

Question 30

what is spectrum bias

Answer 30

it is a type of selection bias recruiting only pt who have severe symptoms or classic presentation

Question 31

when does spectrum bias occur

Answer 31

the same time as selection bias

Question 32

why should the diagnositc be defined in the paper

Answer 32

to allow the test to be replicated

Question 33

what must be included in the definition of the diagnostic test

Answer 33

the reliability and validity of the test +/- results

Question 34

what is a gold or reference standard

Answer 34

this is a measure or test that is assumed to correctly ID the presence of absence of a disease 100% of the time

Question 35

what are the characteristic of a gold standard

Answer 35

acceptable in clinical practice evidence of its validity, reliability, and accuracy impractical for routine use may be expensive or invasive

Question 36

what must be included with the gold standard in the paper

Answer 36

references to support the tests

Question 37

results of the gold standard and the DTI and rater

Answer 37

the results of the gold standard should not be known to those who interpret the DTI evaluaters of the DTI should be blinded to the results of the gold standard

Question 38

in what circumstance would the gold standard not be tested on everyone

Answer 38

there is no circumstance it has to be tested on everyone

Question 39

what happen when a gold standard cannot be applied to a pt - risk

Answer 39

another reference test that has similar validity can be applied

Question 40

what time frame must a gold standard and DTI be applied

Answer 40

in a reasonable time frame where changes in the patient health status are not expected too much difference in timing of test my lead to inaccuracy

Question 41

why must the result be confirmed on a new set of subjects

Answer 41

results may be due to unique characteristics of subject pop

Question 42

what does the rep of a test on a new set of subjects tell us

Answer 42

tells us about the generalizability and test consistency

Question 43

what is a clinical measure

Answer 43

tell you about a individuals state of function or impairment scores on these tests can tell us the severity of the problem

Question 44

what is a diagnostic test

Answer 44

detects the presence or absence

Question 45

example of clinical measure

Answer 45

TUG 5 STS 10 MWT