Module 1 Flashcards
(72 cards)
The science of the earth.
Geology
Geology deals with different aspects of the
earth as a whole such as:
- origin, age, interior structure and history of the earth;
- evolution and modification of various surface features like
rivers, mountains and lakes along with their causes
(processes); and - the materials making up the earth.
The application of the geological sciences to engineering study for
the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the
location, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of
engineering works are recognized and accounted for.
Engineering Geology
The philosophy of engineering geology is based on three simple
premises. These are:
- All engineering works are built in or on the ground;
- The ground will always, in some manner, react to the
construction of the engineering work; and - The reaction of the ground (its “engineering behavior”) to the
particular engineering work must be accommodated by that
work.
Main Branches of Geology
- Physical Geology – different physical features of the earth
- Mineralogy – study of minerals
- Petrology – study of rocks
- Structural Geology – formation and classification of geological
structures - Historical Geology – study of earth’s history through sedimentary
rocks - Paleontology – study of remnants of ancient life (fossils)
- Economic Geology – Economic mineral’s formation, properties etc.
Allied Branches of Geology
- Engineering Geology
- Mining Geology
- Geophysics
- Geohydrology
- Geochemistry
Structural Failures due to
Geological Causes
- 1928 St. Francis Dam Disaster
- Numerous landslides in the Philippines
____ is the largest of several
rocky planets in our Solar System
Earth
Earth is nearly spherical, measuring
_____ km from pole to pole and
______ km around the Equator,
and orbits the Sun at an average
distance of ____ million km.
12, 714 ; 12, 756 ; 150
The birth of the Sun grew by the
collapse of a slowly rotating
interstellar cloud of gas (mostly
hydrogen) and dust. This cloud is
referred to as the ______
solar nebula
The material that was not drawn
into the ______, where the
Sun was forming, became
concentrated in a _____ around the
Sun.
central point ; disc
Layers of the Earth
- Crust
- Mantle
- Core
It is the process that changes solid rock into
sediments. With _____, rock is disintegrated into smaller
pieces.
Weathering
It is the process that moves the sediments away from it’s
original position. The four forces of ____ are water, wind,
glaciers, and gravity.
Erosion
While plate tectonics
forces work to build huge
mountains and other
landscapes, the forces of
weathering and mass
wasting gradually wear
those rocks and
landscapes away, called ____
Denudation
It is also called physical weathering, breaks
rock into smaller pieces.
Mechanical Weathering
The rock has changed physically without changing its
______. The smaller pieces have the same minerals, in just
the same _______ as the original rock.
composition ; proportions
______ also called freeze-thaw weathering, is the main form of
mechanical weathering in any climate that regularly cycles above and below
the freezing point.
Ice wedging
It is another form of mechanical weathering. In ______, one rock
bumps against another rock.
Abrasion
It is different from mechanical weathering
because the rock changes, not just in size of pieces, but in
composition.
Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering works through ______ that cause changes in the
minerals.
chemical reactions
______ is the most important agent of chemical weathering.
Water
Two
other important agents of chemical weathering are _______ and ______
carbo dioxide ; oxygen
It is the name of the chemical reaction between a chemical
compound and water. When this reaction takes place, water
dissolves ions from the mineral and carries them away. These
elements have undergone leaching.
Hydrolysis
