Module 2

Question 1

It is the study of
minerals.

Answer 1

Mineralogy

Question 2

Are the basis for the
formation of rocks.

Answer 2

Minerals

Question 3

Makes up the
minerals and minerals make up
rocks.

Answer 3

Matter (elements)

Question 4

A ______ is a naturally occurring combination of specific
elements arranged in a particular repeating three-dimensional
structure or lattice.

Answer 4

mineral

Question 5

Although thousands of minerals in the earth have been
identified, just ten minerals make up most of the volume of the
earth’s crust —

Answer 5

plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, amphibole,
pyroxene, olivine, calcite, biotite, garnet, and clay

Question 6

Together, the chemical formula (the types and proportions of
the chemical elements) and the crystal lattice (the geometry of
how the atoms are arranged and bonded together) determine
the _______

Answer 6

physical properties of minerals.

Question 7

It is readily observable
and certainly obvious, but it
is usually less reliable than
other physical properties.

Answer 7

Color

Question 8

Describes the
reflection of light off a
mineral’s surface.

Answer 8

Luster

Question 9

Standard names for luster
include ______

Answer 9

metallic, glassy,
pearly, silky, greasy, and dull

Question 10

It is the color of a mineral’s
powder.

Answer 10

Streak

Question 11

It is a more reliable property
than color because _____ does not
vary.

Answer 11

streak

Question 12

It is the strength with which a
mineral resists its surface being scraped
or punctured

Answer 12

Hardness

Question 13

In working with hand samples without
specialized tools, mineral hardness is
specified by the _____

Answer 13

Mohs Hardness Scale

Question 14

It is the tendency of a mineral to break along certain
planes to make smooth surfaces.

Answer 14

Cleavage

Question 15

The cleavage properties of a mineral are described in terms of
the _______ and, if more than one cleavage, the
_______ between the cleavages.

Answer 15

number of cleavages ; angles

Question 16

The possible number of cleavages a mineral may have are _____

Answer 16

1, 2, 3, 4, or 6.

Question 17

It is a break in a mineral that is not along a cleavage
plane.

Answer 17

Fracture

Question 18

It is not always the same in the same mineral because
______ is not determined by the structure of the mineral.

Answer 18

fracture

Question 19

It is said to exhibit conchoidal fracture.

Answer 19

Quartz

Question 20

It is the way a thick piece of glass breaks with
concentric, curving ridges on the broken surfaces.

Answer 20

Conchoidal fracture

Question 21

It is a standard term for fractures that do not exhibit
any of the qualities of the other fracture types

Answer 21

Irregular fracture

Question 22

Minerals are classified according to their ______

Answer 22

chemical properties.

Question 23

The chemical basis for classifying minerals is the ______

Answer 23

anion

Question 24

The sulfides are based on the sulfur ion _____

Answer 24

𝑆^2−

Question 25

In some cases, the anion is of a mineral class is polyatomic, such as (𝐶𝑂3)2−, the _______

Answer 25

carbonate ion.

Question 26

Based on the polyatomic anion, (𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟒)𝟒−, which has a tetrahedral shape.

Answer 26

Silicates

Question 27

Most minerals in the earth’s crust and mantle are ____

Answer 27

silicate minerals

Question 28

Also called island silicates, the silicate tetrahedra are separated from each other and bonded completely to non silicate atoms. Olivine is an island silicate.

Answer 28

nesosilicates

Question 29

_____ or paired silicates, such as epidote, the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in pairs.

Answer 29

sorosilicates

Question 30

Also called ring silicates, the silicate tetrahedra are joined in rings. Beryl or emerald is a ring silicate

Answer 30

cyclosilicates

Question 31

______ or sheet silicates, the tetrahedra are bonded at three corners to form flat sheets. Biotite is a sheet silicate

Answer 31

phyllosilicates

Question 32

In _______ the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in single chains. Pyroxenes are ______ inosilicates.

Answer 32

single-chain inosilicates

Question 33

In _______ the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in double chains. Amphiboles are ______ inosilicates

Answer 33

double-chain inosilicates

Question 34

In ________, also known as framework silicates, all corners of the silicate tetrahedra are bonded to corners of other silicate tetrahedra, forming a complete framework of silicate tetrahedra in all directions.

Answer 34

tectosilicates

Question 35

______, the most common mineral in earth’s crust, and ______are both framework silicate

Answer 35

Feldspar ; quartz

Question 36

Some sulfides are mined as sources of such metals as _____

Answer 36

zinc, lead, copper, and tin

Question 37

______ tend to dissolve relatively easily in water, especially acid water, and natural rainwater is slightly acid

Answer 37

Carbonate minerals

Question 38

These are based on the oxygen anion, 𝑶𝟐−

Answer 38

Oxides

Question 39

These have a halogen element as the anion

Answer 39

Halides

Question 40

______, 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙, is a halide mineral

Answer 40

Halite

Question 41

These have the polyatomic sulfate ion, (𝑺𝑶𝟒)𝟐− , as the anion

Answer 41

Sulfates

Question 42

_______, 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4, is a sulfate

Answer 42

Anhydrite

Question 43

These have the polyatomic phosphate ion, (𝑷𝑶𝟒)𝟑−, as the anion.

Answer 43

Phosphates

Question 44

_______, 𝐶𝑎5(𝑃𝑂4)3𝐹, which makes your teeth hard, is a phosphate mineral

Answer 44

Fluorapatite

Question 45

These are made of nothing but a single element. Gold (Au), native copper (Cu), and diamond and graphite, which are made of carbon, are all _____

Answer 45

native element minerals

Question 46

Recall that a mineral is defined as ________. Therefore, elements purified and crystallized in a laboratory do not qualify as minerals, unless they have also been found in nature

Answer 46

naturally occurring

Question 47

Ways of Identifying Minerals

Answer 47

1. Look at it closely on all visible sides to see how it reflects light 2. Test its hardness 3. Identify its cleavage or fracture 4. Name its luster 5. Evaluate any other physical properties necessary to determine the mineral’s identity

Question 48

Minerals can form from ________

Answer 48

volcanic gases, sediment formation, oxidation, crystallization from magma, or deposition from a saline fluid

Question 49

Many minerals start out in liquids that are hot enough to _______.

Answer 49

melt rocks

Question 50

Is melted rock inside Earth, a molten mixture of substances that can be hotter than 1,000°C

Answer 50

Magma

Question 51

______ on Earth, such as the ______ in the oceans, contains chemical elements mixed into a solution. Various processes can cause these elements to combine to form ________

Answer 51

Water ; solid mineral deposits

Question 52

Types of Minerals formed from Solutions

Answer 52

* Minerals from Saltwater * Minerals from Hot Underground Water

Question 53

Formation from Solutions – Minerals from Saltwater. When water ________, it leaves behind a solid precipitate of minerals.

Answer 53

evaporates

Question 54

As the water flows through open spaces in the rock and ____, it deposits solid minerals.

Answer 54

cools

Question 55

The mineral deposits that form when a mineral fills cracks in rocks are called _______.

Answer 55

veins