Module 1 Flashcards
_____________ communicated physically, using electrochemical
signals between the brain and other organs, such as muscle group, or signals
from one organ to another, as in a ___________
Nervous System
Reflex arc
____________ communicated via chemical blood-borne messengers, for instance between the ____________and the ______________.
Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland and Adrenal Cortex
its communication via ___________ is very rapid
nervous system
its communication via ____________ is slower
endocrine system
It is customary and convenient to categorize _____________, _____________, ______________,
_______________, _____________, and _____________ functions
into physiological systems, anatomic and functional components of thesesystems overlap to lesser or greater degrees.
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Reproductive
Gastrointestinal
Nervous
Endocrine
it is significantly dependent on hormones from the endocrine system for normal function
nervous system
considered a component of
the endocrine system, ishighly integrated
with the nervous system
adrenal medulla
What is Endocrinology?
it is the study of communication
within a living organism by means of hormones.
What is hormone?
are the chemical messengers of the
endocrine system
The discipline of endocrinology includes the?
✓ study of hormones
✓ the anatomy and physiology of the cells,tissues, and organs that produce these
hormones
✓ the way that hormones are transported
and action target cells
✓ clinical abnormalities of hormonal deficiencies and overproduction.
In the classical sense, a hormone was described as a?
chemical messenger secreted from a ductless gland, emptied directly into the circulation, and transported by the blood
Components of the endocrine system that
communicate by routes other than blood vessels
are characterized as;
✓ Paracrine
✓ Autocrine
✓ Neurocrine
✓ Solinocrine
hormones
are secreted locally into the extracellular
space only to self-regulate thevery cells that
released them
Autocrine communication
involves secretion of hormones from a cell directly into the
surrounding extracellular space; the hormone then interacts with adjacent or nea-rby cells without being transported by blood
Paracrine communication
delivers very high concentrations of the hormone
to its target site.
Paracrine communication
involving
secretion of peptides or other neurotransmitter molecules by neurons,is a specialized form of paracrine function in which
the chemical messenger is transferred to a
target cell via asynapse or neuromuscular
junction
Neurocrine communication
Several hormones are secreted directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and
reproductive tracts. This type of communication is called?
Solinocrine
example of solinocrine
gastrin, somatostatin, vasoactiveintestinal peptide, calcitonin, secretin, and serotonin
Functions of Hormones
✓ A single hormone can affect a single function
✓ single hormones having
multiple actions
✓ multiple hormones having single actions
✓ multiple hormones producing multiple
actions
Example of A single hormone can affect a single function
✓ erythropoietin on hemoglobin synthesis by erythrocytes, but this one-on-one action is very rare.
example of multiple hormones having single actions
✓ regulation
of lactation by prolactin, placental lactogens ,corticosteroids, thyroxine, sex steroids, and oxytocin
Example of multiple hormones producing multiple
actions
reproductive steroids, oxytocin,
and corticosteroids on pregnancy, fetal development, and parturition.
it depends on the effects of
hormones on gametogenesis as well as development of sexual characteristics and elicitation of behaviors that culminate in the fertilization of
an oocyte by a spermatozoon and the production
of offspring
Reproduction
Many hormones play important functions
for the maintenance of pregnancy, such as?
✓ embryo and fetus
✓ development of the reproductive tract for pregnancy
✓ and initiation of parturition
