Module 1

Question 1

What is chromatin made up of?

Answer 1

Histone proteins + DNA.

Question 2

What is the nucleolus responsible for?

Answer 2

The production of ribosomes.

Question 3

Do mitochondria have their own DNA?

Answer 3

Yes, a small amount.

Question 4

What are lysosomes? (What enzymes do they contain)

Answer 4

A type of specialised vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 5

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton? (MIM)

Answer 5

Microfilaments
Intermediate fibres
Microtubules

Question 6

What part of the cytoskeleton are centrioles made from?

Answer 6

Microtubules.

Question 7

What is the main function of flagella?

Answer 7

Cell motility.

Question 8

What are the two types of cilia?

Answer 8

Stationary and mobile.

Question 9

What is the membrane of the vacuole called?

Answer 9

The tonoplast.

Question 10

What is the fluid enclosed in the chloroplasts called?

Answer 10

The stroma.

Question 11

What is the double-membrane structure in the nucleus called?

Answer 11

The nuclear envelope.

Question 12

What is the centrosome made up of?

Answer 12

Two ASSOCIATED centrioles.

Question 13

Do mitochondria contain ribosomes?

Answer 13

Yes.

Question 14

Do bacterial cells contain ribosomes?

Answer 14

Yes.

Question 15

Do chloroplasts contain ribosomes?

Answer 15

Yes.

Question 16

What are the flattened sacs of internal membranes in the chloroplast called?

Answer 16

Thylakoids.

Question 17

What are stacks of thylakoids called?

Answer 17

Granum.

Question 18

What are multiple granum joined together by? (Think fishes)

Answer 18

Lamellae.

Question 19

How many chromosomes do prokaryotes generally have?

Answer 19

One (circular).

Question 20

What are prokaryotic cell walls made of?

Answer 20

Peptidoglycan, AKA murein.

Question 21

Are glucose molecules soluble in water?

Answer 21

Yes.

Question 22

How does alpha glucose bond to each other? (Which number of carbon)

Answer 22

1-4 glycosidic bonding.

Question 23

What is maltose made up of?

Answer 23

Two alpha glucose molecules joined together.

Question 24

What type of bonds are present in amylose?

Answer 24

1-4 glycosidic bonds between ALPHA molecules.

Question 25

What are some features of amylose?

Answer 25

Highly compact, not very soluble and helical in structure due to 1-4 bonding.

Question 26

What bonding is present in amylopectin?

Answer 26

1-4 glycosidic bonds between ALPHA molecules AND some 1-6 bonds between glucose molecules.

Question 27

What are some features of amylopectin?

Answer 27

Branched structure due in to 1-6 bonds. Insoluble in water.

Question 28

Is glycogen more or less branched than amylopectin and why?

Answer 28

More branched because animals are active.

Question 29

Is glycogen soluble?

Answer 29

No.

Question 30

What is cellulose made up of?

Answer 30

Beta-glucose molecules.

Question 31

What do cellulose molecules form between each other?

Answer 31

Microfibrils.

Question 32

What is the test for reducing sugars and what would a positive result look like?

Answer 32

Benedict’s reagent. Brick-red precipitate.

Question 33

What is the test for starch and what does a positive result look like?

Answer 33

Iodine test. Purple/black from yellow.

Question 34

What do reagent strips test for?

Answer 34

Reducing sugars.

Question 35

Are lipids polar molecules?

Answer 35

No, they are not.

Question 36

Are lipids water-soluble?

Answer 36

No, as they are not polar.

Question 37

What are macromolecules?

Answer 37

Molecules that are not built by repeating units.

Question 38

What are the components of a triglyceride?

Answer 38

One glycerol molecule. Three fatty acids.

Question 39

What bonds are present in triglycerides?

Answer 39

Ester bonds.

Question 40

What are SATURATED fatty acids?

Answer 40

Fatty acid chains that have NO double bonds present between carbon atoms, meaning they have been saturated by hydrogen.

Question 41

What is a fatty acid with double bonds between some carbon atoms called?

Answer 41

Unsaturated fatty acid.

Question 42

What are the components of a phospholipid?

Answer 42

Phosphate group Glycerol 2 fatty acid chains

Question 43

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 43

The non-polar fatty acid tails.

Question 44

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 44

The charged phosphate heads.

Question 45

Is the head of a phospholipid polar?

Answer 45

No, just charged.

Question 46

Where is cholesterol mostly produced?

Answer 46

In the liver and intestines.

Question 47

What are sterols?

Answer 47

Complex alcohol molecules composed of four carbons rings with an OH group at one end.

Question 48

Are sterols hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 48

Both, because the OH group is hydrophilic and the rest of the molecule is hydrophobic. It is amphipathic.

Question 50

How do you test for lipids and what is the positive result?

Answer 50

Ethanol test. Emulsion

Question 51

What 4 elements do ALL proteins contain?

Answer 51

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.

Question 52

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

Answer 52

Central carbon atom Hydrogen Amine group R/variable group Carboxyl group

Question 53

How do amino acids bond with each other? (What bonds with what)

Answer 53

The amine group joins to the carboxyl group.

Question 54

Which enzymes catalyses the synthesis of a polypeptide?

Answer 54

Peptidyl transferase.

Question 55

What are the ONLY bonds involved in the primary protein structure?

Answer 55

Peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 56

Which components of the protein interact in the secondary protein structure?

Answer 56

The elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Question 57

What are the two forms of the secondary protein structure?

Answer 57

Alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet.

Question 58

How does an Alpha helix form?

Answer 58

When hydrogen bonding occurs WITHIN the amino acid chain, which pulls them into a coiled structure.

Question 59

What is the main type of bonding involved in the secondary structure?

Answer 59

Hydrogen bonding.

Question 60

What bonding/interactions are present in the tertiary protein structure? Are they weak or strong?

Answer 60

Hydrophobic/philic interactions (weak) Hydrogen bonds (weakest) Ionic bonds (stronger than hydrogen - form between R groups) Disulfide bridges (strongest) form between sulfur containing R groups.

Question 61

What is the strongest interaction in the tertiary structure?

Answer 61

Disulfide bridges.

Question 62

What is the weakest interaction present in the tertiary structure?

Answer 62

Hydrogen bonding.

Question 63

Which type of enzyme catalyses the breakdown of peptides into amino acids?

Answer 63

Proteases.

Question 64

Are globular proteins water-soluble?

Answer 64

Yes.

Question 65

What is a conjugated protein?

Answer 65

A globular protein that contains a NON-PROTEIN GROUP.