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MODULE 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Ethics?

A

A generic term used to refer to various ways of thinking about, understanding, and examining how best to live a moral life (Beauchamp and Childress).

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2
Q

What grounds a moral life?

A

A moral life is grounded in beliefs about right and wrong, often rooted in cultural, religious, or philosophical traditions.

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3
Q

What is Health Ethics?

A

Study of moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine, nursing, and healthcare.

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4
Q

What is Professional Ethics?

A

Refers to moral principles and standards of conduct that guide professionals.

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5
Q

What does Professional Ethics establish?

A

Establishes moral obligations and provides a framework for ethical decision-making.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of Professional Ethics?

A

Ensures professionals act with integrity, maintain trust, and uphold highest standards of conduct.

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7
Q

What is Deontological Ethics?

A

Focuses on duty and adherence to rules.

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8
Q

What defines a moral action in Deontological Ethics?

A

An action is moral if it follows universal principles, regardless of the outcome.

Example: Telling the truth to a terminally ill patient even if it causes distress.

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9
Q

What is Utilitarianism?

A

Morality is based on the consequences of actions.

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10
Q

What defines the most ethical choice in Utilitarianism?

A

The most ethical choice is one that brings the greatest good to the greatest number.

Example: Allocating limited vaccines during a pandemic based on priority groups.

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11
Q

What is Virtue Ethics?

A

Emphasizes moral character over rules or consequences.

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12
Q

What does a good health professional develop in Virtue Ethics?

A

Develops virtues such as compassion, honesty, and courage.

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13
Q

What is Divine Command Ethics?

A

Assumes a Supreme or Divine being sets moral rules to guide decision-making.

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14
Q

What is Principlism?

A

Widely used in Filipino nursing ethics. Core principles include:

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15
Q

What are the core principles of Principlism?

A

Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice.

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16
Q

What does Autonomy mean in Principlism?

A

Respect for the patient’s right to self-determination.

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17
Q

What does Beneficence mean in Principlism?

A

Acting in the best interest of the patient.

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18
Q

What does Non-maleficence mean in Principlism?

A

Do no harm.

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19
Q

What does Justice mean in Principlism?

A

Fairness in distribution of resources and care.

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20
Q

What is Pakikipagkapwa-tao?

A

Treating others as fellow human beings.

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21
Q

What is Utang na Loob?

A

Reciprocal obligation in relationships.

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22
Q

What is Hiya?

A

Influences disclosure, informed consent, and complaint behavior.

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23
Q

What is Bayanihan?

A

Collective responsibility and helping behavior.

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24
Q

What is Delicadeza?

A

Sense of propriety and ethical conduct in professional settings.

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25
What are the core ethical principles in nursing practice?
Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice, Autonomy.
26
What does Beneficence and Non-maleficence promote?
Promote good; avoid harm.
27
What does Justice ensure in healthcare?
Ensures equal access to healthcare services.
28
What does Autonomy respect in healthcare?
Respect for patients’ informed decisions.
29
What is the definition of abortion?
Expulsion of a fetus before viability (~20th week of gestation).
30
What are the types of abortion?
Spontaneous – miscarriage; Induced – purposeful termination.
31
What is a public health concern regarding abortion?
Unsafe abortion is a leading, preventable cause of maternal illness and death.
32
How does maternal mortality compare in countries with restrictive abortion laws?
Maternal mortality is 3x higher than in countries with safe abortion access.
33
What is the WHO Strategic Priority regarding abortion?
Ensure safe and accessible abortion where legal; Ensure quality care for abortion complications in all cases.
34
What ethical and moral beliefs are debated in abortion?
Debate centers on when life begins and fetal rights vs. women’s rights.
35
How do religious influences affect views on abortion?
Major religions often oppose elective abortion, influencing personal and political views.
36
What are the legal and political dimensions of abortion?
Abortion laws vary widely and it is a politically polarized issue.
37
How do cultural attitudes and gender roles relate to abortion?
Abortion is seen as a challenge to family structures and traditional gender roles.
38
What factors limit access to abortion even where it is legal?
Cost, geography, and provider availability; marginalized groups are most affected.
39
What medical and psychological concerns are associated with abortion?
Claims about long-term physical or psychological effects are debated and sometimes used to restrict access.
40
What is the definition of euthanasia?
Mercy killing; act of ending a person’s life to relieve suffering.
41
What are the types of euthanasia?
Includes voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.
42
What is the key ethical conflict in euthanasia?
Autonomy vs. Sanctity of Life; right to die vs. duty to preserve life.
43
How do religious and cultural beliefs influence views on euthanasia?
Most religious traditions oppose euthanasia, while liberal societies emphasize individual choice.
44
What are the legal and medical implications of euthanasia?
Legalization affects medical practice and raises concerns about the ethical principle: 'Do no harm'.
45
What is the public and political polarization regarding euthanasia?
There is strongly divided public opinion, fueled by media and advocacy groups.
46
What are irreconcilable moral perspectives on euthanasia?
Some view it as compassionate and merciful, while others see it as immoral killing.
47
What are the definition issues surrounding suicide?
No internationally accepted definition; requires confirmation that death was intentional.
48
What is parasuicide?
A non-fatal, deliberate act aiming to cause self-harm or ingestion of harmful substances.
49
What is the importance of determining death?
Crucial for medical, legal, and ethical decisions.
50
What is clinical death?
Cessation of heartbeat and breathing; can be reversible within 4–6 minutes (via CPR).
51
What is biological death?
Permanent cessation of function in brain, heart, and organs; final and irreversible.
52
What is the definition of in-vitro fertilization (IVF)?
Fertilization of egg and sperm outside the body, in a lab.
53
What is the procedure for IVF?
Hormonal stimulation → egg retrieval → lab fertilization → embryo transfer.
54
What bioethical issues are associated with IVF?
Embryo status, selection and genetic testing, access and equality, parental and identity issues.
55
What are the concerns regarding embryo status in IVF?
Is an embryo a person? Ethical concerns in creating, freezing, or discarding embryos.
56
What are the concerns regarding selection and genetic testing in IVF?
Can screen for genetic conditions; raises concerns about 'designer babies' and trait selection.
57
What are the access and equality issues in IVF?
IVF is expensive, raising concerns about fairness and accessibility.
58
What parental and identity issues arise from IVF?
Use of donors/surrogates raises identity and psychological concerns.
59
What are the religious and moral views on IVF?
Some oppose IVF due to separation of conception from natural sex and destruction of embryos.
60
What are the commercial aspects of IVF?
Selling eggs, sperm, embryos; paid surrogacy raises ethical concerns about commodification of life.
61
What is the definition of stem cell technology?
Use of stem cells to develop into other cell types for treatment and research.
62
What are the types of stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
63
What are the ethical issues surrounding stem cell technology?
Embryo use, moral status of embryos, and balancing research with respect for human life.
64
What is the main ethical concern regarding the use of embryos in stem cell technology?
Harvesting embryonic stem cells involves destroying a human embryo.
65
What is the ethical question surrounding the destruction of embryos for research?
Is it morally acceptable to destroy a potential human life for research or therapy?
66
What do some believe about when life begins in the context of stem cell research?
Some believe life begins at conception, making destruction of embryos morally wrong.
67
What do others argue regarding the use of embryos in stem cell research?
Others argue the benefits to suffering patients justify the use of embryos, especially unused ones from IVF.
68
What is the ethical requirement regarding consent in stem cell technology?
There is an ethical requirement for informed consent from donors.
69
What concerns arise regarding donor understanding in stem cell technology?
Concerns arise when donors do not fully understand how their cells will be used.
70
What are the ethical questions related to access and justice in stem cell therapies?
Who gets access? Will only the wealthy benefit? Is it ethical to invest in stem cell technology while basic health needs remain unmet?
71
What is therapeutic cloning?
Therapeutic cloning involves creating stem cells to treat disease and is more ethically accepted.
72
What is reproductive cloning?
Reproductive cloning involves creating a whole human being and is widely opposed.
73
What are some ethical concerns regarding cloning?
Ethical concerns include 'playing God' and creating life unnaturally.
74
What issues arise from medical fraud related to stem cell technology?
Unproven 'stem cell cures' are offered in desperate regions.
75
What does bioethics demand in the context of vulnerable populations?
Bioethics demands honest communication, scientific evidence, and protection of vulnerable patients.

BIOETHICS (2 decks)

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