Module 1, 2, & 3 Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
How do we “get at” biology
A
The scientific method
2
Q
The scientific method is an __________-________ approach to ________-__________
A
evidence based approach to problem solving
3
Q
The scientific method is driven by _________ and __________
A
observation and hypothesis
4
Q
Science must be both _________ and ___________
A
testable and falsifiable
5
Q
An idea about how things work
A
hypothesis
6
Q
A hypothesis should be in the form of a ____________
A
statement
7
Q
The scientific method allows us to get to the facts without _________
A
bias
8
Q
To effectively do science, the phenomena in question needs to be ___________ _____ ________ __________ ___________
A
rooted in the natural world
9
Q
Three examples of things that cannot be science because they aren’t testable, falsifiable, or rooted in the natural world
A
- supernatural things
- Belief systems
- Value judgements/ethical questions
10
Q
Australian physician who infected himself with bacteria to prove they causes stomach ulcers
A
Barry Marshall
11
Q
Bacteria that causes stomach ulcers
A
helicobacter Pylori
12
Q
Who invented the polio vaccine
A
Jonas Sal
13
Q
Type of logic that involves the combining of a series of specific observations
A
Inductive reasoning
14
Q
Type of logic that involves a general principle to predict an expected observation
A
deductive reasoning
15
Q
type of reasoning that is the strongest
A
deductive reasoning
16
Q
__________ reasoning takes the form of an if/then statement
A
deductive reasoning
17
Q
- Fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C
- People who eat a lot of fruits and vegetables seem to be healthier than those who don’t
hypothesis: consuming vitamin c prevents you from getting sick
A
inductive reasoning
18
Q
- Fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C
- Consuming vitamin C prevents infection
- Eating fruits and vegetables prevents infection
A
deductive reasoning
19
Q
two types of hypothesis
A
Null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis
20
Q
what you are trying to discredit in with your study
A
Null hypothesis
21
Q
The null hypothesis states there is no difference _________ between two groups
A
statistically
22
Q
what kind of hypothesis is this: giving the drug will do nothing to the patient
A
The null hypothesis
23
Q
States there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables
A
alternative hypothesis
24
Q
sets of actions or observations designed to test hypotheses
A
experiment
25
information collected during a test
data
26
anything that changes in value under different circumstances
variables
27
the value that is changed by the scientist
Independent variable
28
Variable that cannot be changed by the researcher
dependent variable
29
If testing for bacterial growth over time, bacterial growth is the _______ variable
dependent variable
30
If testing for bacterial growth over time, time is the _______ variable
independent variable
31
Typically when something is measured over time, time is the __________ variable
independent
32
The __________ variable is on the x axis
independent variable
33
The best explanation we have for something
theory
34
Theory is based on well-supported __________ from several different independent lines of research
hypotheses
35
The ________ group receives the treatment in a study
experimental group
36
The _________ group receives a placebo in a study
control group
37
a research method that examines the relationship between an exposure and an outcome in a group of people. The study looks back in time to compare groups of people who have different exposures to a risk factor
retrospective cohort studies
38
Idea that if we take the plasma from someone who has recovered from infection and infuse it in someone else, it should help cure them
convalescent plasma
39
An experiment where the doctors don't even know who gets what
double blind
40
An experiment where the doctors nor the people running data analysis know who gets what
triple blind trial
41
Asked "What is life" in his 1944 book
Erwin Schrodinger
42
Every element other than ________ was forged in the hearts of stars
hydrogen
43
Everything in the universe is based on ______, then physics, then chemistry, then biology
math
44
The fundamental forms of matter that are composed of atoms
elements
45
Smallest units that still contain the properties of a given element
atoms
46
Atoms are made of _________, __________, and ___________
protons, neutrons, and electrons
47
found in the nucleus of an atom and have a + charge
protons
48
The atomic number tells you how many _________ are in the atom
protons
49
the number of _________ determines what element it is
protons
50
Found in the nucleus and have no charge/neutral
neutrons
51
exist in orbits around the nucleus and have a - charge
Electrons
52
If you have a hydrogen atom, and you get rid of the electron, you now have a ________ charged ion
positively
53
an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge
Ion
54
Neutral atoms have the same number of __________ and _________
protons, electrons
55
Two ions coming together create __________ via ionic bonds
compounds
56
Table salt (sodium chloride) is a _________ bond, where sodium donates an electron to chlorine
ionic
57
water is a universal __________
solvent
58
the thing that dissolves in a solution
solute
59
Water is a _________ molecule which means its atoms (H & O) do not share electrons evenly
polar
60
When one side of a compound has a negative charge and the other has a positive charge
polar molecule
61
_______ molecules will dissolve in water
polar
62
If something doesn't have a ________, water won't dissolve it
charge
63
Why won't oil dissolve in water?
It is neutral. It's not a polar molecule
64
Biological systems are generally based on __________
carbon
65
when e- are transferred between + and - charged ions
Ionic Bonds
66
The equal sharing of electrons
covalent bonds
67
Type of bonds that have more energy and are stronger bonds
covalent bonds
68
In a covalent bond, if two e- are involved it is a single bond. If 4 e- are involved it’s a __________ bond
double
69
Ionic bonds dissolve easily because there is not a lot of ________. When they are broken, they will not release much ________
energy
70
Fuel is always going to be a ________ bond
covalent (because when bonds are broken, they release a lot of energy)
71
Large organic molecules that consist of sub-units
macromolecules
72
macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbohydrates
73
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
monomer
74
Example of a mono-sacharide (simple sugar)
glucose
75
formula for glucose
C6H12O6
76
what we call glucose that we eat/that is outside of the body
dextrose
77
Name for a bunch of monomers strung together
polymer
78
You eat a sugar monomer but a sugar polymer is __________
paper
79
composed of amino acid subunits
protein
80
one amino acid is _____________
mono-peptide
81
two amino acids is a ____________
di-peptide
82
Amino acids combine into large polymers called __________
polypeptides
83
aspartame is an example of a
dipeptide
84
accelerate chemical reactions
enzymes
85
steroids do not ___________
polymerize
86
_________ ________ fold onto themselves to make protein
Polypeptide chains
87
Venom proteins for _________ preconditioning
neurosurgical
88
three-carbon skeleton with three hydrocarbon chains
fats
89
hydrocarbon chains are also called ____ ______ ______
fatty acid tails
90
Unlike phospholipids, fats do not have a _________ group
phosphate group
91
true or false: all fats are lipids
true
92
true or false: all lipids are fats
false
93
four fused carbon-containing rings
steroid
94
example of a steroid
cholesterol, stress hormones (corticosterone), sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)
95
three carbon skeleton but with two hydrocarbon chains and a charged phosphate group
phospholipid
96
the _______ ________ side of a phospholipid wants to go towards water
phosphate head
97
__________ __________ side of a phospholipid wants to go away from water
fatty-acid tails
98
what makes up cell membranes
phospholipids
99
Francis Crick and James Watson discovered what about DNA
it's a double helix
100
consists of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide
101
nucleotides are __________ (they are the basic units that make up nucleic acids)
monomers
102
four nitrogenous bases
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
103
_______ _________ are large molecules made up of many nucleotides
Nucleic acids
104
the two types of nucleic acids
ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid
105
helps synthesize proteins
ribonucleic acid
106
the code to build a protein
DNA
107
RNA does not have _______ but DNA does
thymine
107
deoxyribonucleic acid offers the ______ for every living thing
recipe
108
instead of thymine, RNA has __________
uracyle
109
DNA has _______ _______: each strand comes together and wraps around each other. Adenine will only bind with thiamine and C will only bind with G.
complimentary binding
110
Complimentary binding in DNA creates a ____________ stable shape
thermodynamically stable
111
The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from ______, to _______, to _______.
DNA, RNA, protein
112
Both ecology/organismal biology and cellular/molecular biology are unified under the banner of ________ biology
evolutionary
113
the fundamental particles of the elements
atoms
114
the fundamental units of life
cells
115
_______ _______ keep the hostile environment out of a cell and the hospitable environment in
cell membrane
116
cell membranes are ________ layered with the fatty acid tails pointing to the _________ and the phosphate groups pointed to the ________
double layered, inside, outside
117
type of cell with membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes
118
4 types of eukaryotes
animals, plants, fungi, protists
119
2 types of prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
120
true or false: all cells have a cell membrane
true
121
All cells contain a fluid of salts and enzymes called
cytosol
122
Cytoplasm refers to everything in a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The _________ and the ____________
cytosol and the organelles
123
Phospholipid tails are __________ and the phosphate group is ___________
hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
124
Which part of the phospholipid points towards water?
the phosphate group (head)
125
Why is the membrane of a cell double layered?
The inside of cells is made of water and the outside of cells is mostly water. Therefore, the water-loving layer needs to point in both directions. So the water-hating side (the tails) have to point at each other so we can keep the good stuff in and the bad stuff out
126
different between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and prokaryotes do not
127
Somewhat rigid structure that helps maintain cellular shape
cell walls
128
what 3 organisms have cell walls
plants, fungi, bacteria
129
Why is it important that bacteria have cell walls and humans don't?
antibiotics target the cell wall. Hence, bacteria cells are killed but our cells are fine
130
The dna of a cell is found where
nucleus
131
Name for the membrane of the nucleus
nuclear envelope
132
The nucleus is _________ so chemicals can come an go (such as testosterone which can modify gene expression and cause things to happen)
porous
133
Inside the nucleus is a smaller "nucleus" called a ___________
nucleolus
134
What does the nucleolus produce
ribosomal subunits
135
Where are ribosomal subunits synthesized
the nucleolus
136
True or false: all eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
false: while most do, some, like red blood cells, do not
137
Mitochondria has intrusions/folds in their inner membrane called ____________
cristae
138
Cristae do what for mitochondria
Cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane allowing more room to produce energy at a faster rate
139
Unlike other organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own __________ that is uniquely theirs
genome
140
what two organelles were likely once free-living cells
mitochondria and chloroplast
141
Chloroplast is the organelle that uses sun energy to convert __________ and water into __________
CO2 and water into sugars
142
What is the byproduct of photosynthesis
oxygen
143
What is the fluid inside of chloroplasts called
Stroma
144
sacks of digestive enzymes used to break down proteins
Lysosomes
145
All cells have what organelle
ribosomes
146
What is the oldest organelle evolutionarily speaking
ribosomes
147
Ribosomes assemble what
proteins
148
True or false: viruses have ribosomes
false. Viruses don't have ribosomes so they infect other cells to use theirs to make copies of themselves
149
Ribosomes are composed of how many structural subunits
two structural subunits
150
What two places are ribosomes found
free floating in the cytoplasm or incorporated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum
151
The majority of protein synthesis happens where in the cell
the rough endoplasmic reticulum
152
What organelle projects from and is continuous with the nuclear envelope
the endoplasmic reticulum
153
what are the two sections of the ER
the smooth er and the rough er
154
Smooth ER functions depend on the type of cell but are involved with ___________ and ________ synthesis
detoxification and lipid synthesis
155
Can be thought of like a FedEx hub where proteins are sorted and transported out to where they need to go
golgi apparatus or golgi bodies
156
barrel-shaped rings that anchor structures within the cell
centrioles
157
Centrioles help move _________ around inside the cell
chromosomes
158
Centrioles are used in the formation of __________ and _________
cilia and flagella
159
Name for the little tail that some cells use to move
flagella
160
True or false: Plants have centrioles
false: plants do not have centrioles
161
Protein fibers that give the cell its shape and structural support
cytoskeleton
162
membrane bound organelles are anchored to the _______________
cytoskeleton
163
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
microtubules
164
__________ can be moved along the cytoskeleton microtubules by motor proteins
vesicles
165
That guy that STRUTS HIS STUFF, dragging vesicles along the microtubules
kinesin
166
means "the same number of particles on the inside and the outside"
equilibrium
167
To get into/out of a cell, water goes through a specific tunnel made or protein called an ____________
aquaporin
168
What can water not just ooze throught he cell wall like some other particles?
It is polar. Unchared molecules can ooze through
The hydrophobic tails on the phospholipids
169
"Every time something dies it is because of a failure in _________ __________"
membrane transport
170
two types of transport across membranes
passive transport and active transport
171
Passive transport involves the diffusion of molecules across __________ ___________
concentration gradients
172
Name for diffusion of water
osmosis
173
true or false: If a particle uses channels to get into a cell, it is using active transport
false: Whether a particle uses channels or not has nothing to do with it being active or passive. That's purely based on whether the particle is going from high concentration to low or vice versa
174
when particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
passive transport/diffusion
175
When particles move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
active transport
176
What do charged particles need to pass through the cell membrane
channels
177
Active transport requires what?
Energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
178
Why do slugs shrivel up when you pour salt on them?
There is a high concentration of solute on the outside of the slug. Water rushes out of the cells to reduce this concentration and maintain equilibrium
179
What happens if you drop a slug in a jar of de-ionized water
de-ionized water = water with no salt
The salt on the inside of the slug can’t easily get out, so that water on the outside will passively diffuse into the slug, blowing it up
180
what is a hypotonic solution
not enough salt
181
what happens if you start an IV that is hypotonic
the patient's cells will blow up (hemolysis)
182
what is a hypertonic solution
too much salt
183
what happens if you start an iv that is hypertonic
the patient's cells will shrivel up
184
word for equal amount of salt and water
isotonic solution
185
what kind of IV should you be getting in the hospital
isotonic
186
Large molecules are generally too big to cross membranes via __________
diffusion
187
What type of vesicle is required to transport large molecules across cell membranes
membrane-bound vesicles
188
Movement of a large molecule out of the cell is a process called
exocytosis
189
what is this describing: Protein (or whatever large molecule) gets wrapped up in a phospholipid membrane. The membrane moves and fuses with the cell membrane and then spits the protein out the other side of the cell
exocytosis
190
what is this describing: Protein (or whatever) gets to the cell membrane. A piece of the membrane pinches itself around the protein then separates, moving the protein to the inside of the cell in its own little membrane bubble
endocytosis
