Modules 4 and 5 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
term used to describe all chemical reactions that occur in the body
A
metabolism
2
Q
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions within organisms
A
enzymes
3
Q
All ____________ reactions are regulated by enzymes
A
metabolic
4
Q
What do enzymes generally end in?
A
Ase
5
Q
what causes lactose intolerance?
A
an inefficiency in their lactase enzyme (lactase breaks down lactose)
6
Q
The amount of energy the reactants in a chemical reaction must absorb to make the reaction happen
A
Activation energy
7
Q
Why does hot water dissolve sugar better than cold water?
A
Heat is energy. More energy means means that the reactants will achieve their activation energy quicker
8
Q
How do enzymes facilitate reactions in the body?
A
They reduce the activation energy
9
Q
What are the two ways enzymes can speed up reactions?
A
Rip things apart or pull things together
10
Q
Name for when an enzyme tears things apart
A
catabolic reaction
11
Q
Name for when an enzyme pulls things together
A
anabolic reaction
12
Q
Sucrase will not break down lactose. Lactose can only be broken down in the presence of lactase. This is known as what?
A
specificity: A given chemical reaction will only proceed when the correct enzyme is present
13
Q
The substance upon which an enzyme acts
A
substrate
14
Q
In the case of lactose and lactase, which is the enzyme and which is the substrate?
A
Lactose: substrate
Lactase: enzyme
15
Q
Chemical reactions are all about __________ ___________ and __________ __________
A
physical proximity and bond-breaking
16
Q
An enzyme decreases the activation energy by ___________ _______ _______ __________ and physically ___________ the chemical bonds
A
binding to their substrates, stressing
17
Q
Where a substrate binds to an enzyme
A
active site
18
Q
True or false: the active site for an enzyme will match with many different substrates
A
False: the active site for an enzyme only matches its specific substrate
19
Q
Each active site has its own shape and __________ ___________
A
chemical climate
20
Q
What draws in the substrate to the enzyme that catalizes it
A
the chemical climate of the enzymes active site
21
Q
Sometimes serotonin doesn’t bond well with the serotonin receptors in depressed people. Why don’t they bond well?
A
The depressed person’s serotonin receptors have incorrectly shaped active sites
22
Q
What happens when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme?
A
The enzyme changes shape
23
Q
What is the name for an enzyme changing shape, therefore causing a change in the substrates shape
A
induced fit
24
Q
What causes specificity?
A
difference sequences of amino acids in different enzymes
25
energy used while awake but at rest
basal metabolic rate
26
4 things that affect basal metabolic rate
biological sex, exercise habits, genetics, diet
27
proteins that are not enzymes end in what letters
"In"
28
what type of chemical reaction makes lightening bugs glow
anabolic reaction: The protein luciferin and oxygen bind to the active site of luciferase. The luciferase changes shape via induced fit, slamming the two together creating oxyluciferin and light.
29
A series of chemical reactions that converts the energy stored in chemical (covalent) bonds of food into a form of energy that your cells can use while releasing waste products
cellular respiration
30
cellular respiration: A series of ________ _________ that converts the energy stored in chemical (covalent) bonds of __________ into a form of energy that your cells can use while releasing _________ __________
chemical reactions
food
waste products
31
we get more energy from breaking what kinds of bonds
covalent bonds
32
Goal of cellular respiration is to create what?
ATP
33
ATP supplies energy to cells in the form of _________ _________ that were originally found in food
stored electrons
34
describe the structure of ATP
A nucleotide triphosphate: 3 negatively charged phosphates and a nitrogenous base or sugar/ribose
35
Are the phosphates that make up ATP positively or negatively charged
negatively charged
36
What happens when you chop of the 3rd phosphate from ATP
Lots of energy is released
37
The three negatively charged phosphates that form ATP ___________ one another
repel
38
There is a ___________ energy build up between the phosphates in ATP. When you chop the last ATP off, it releases this energy
potential
39
name for attaching a phosphate group to an enzyme, changing it's shape and activating it
phosphorylation
40
When you chop of the third phosphate group of ATP, what happens to that phosphate?
It is recycled to make more energy in the future
41
The acquisition of a phosphate group by another molecule (such as an enzyme) will ___________ this molecule
energize
42
When a molecule receives a phosphate group, it can then ________ __________ because it is energized
change shape (to perform its designated function)
43
Once the terminal phosphate group is removed from ATP, it becomes what?
ADP
44
name for this: ATP loses its terminal phosphate group, releasing energy.
ATP hydrolysis
45
chemical energy can be converted to _______ energy, like what allows the flagellum of a cell to move
mechanical
46
Why do we eat and breathe
to generate ATP
47
formula for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
48
The break down of glucose in the presence of oxygen in your body is a very slow and highly controlled form of ________________
combustion (like the break down of jet fuel in the presence of oxygen)
49
True or false: when you burn carbon-based compounds in the form of wood at a bonfire, the byproducts are the same as in aerobic respiration
true: water and CO2
50
What allows vertebrates to be big despite reduced oxygen in the atmosphere, while insects shrank?
we have circulatory systems that move blood with oxygen to the muscle tissues
51
Most of the process of turning glucose to ATP happens in the _______________
mitochondria
52
the 3 stages of cellular respiration all involve the movement of ____________
electrons
53
e- removed from __________ in the early stages of cellular respiration are used to make ATP in the final stage
C6H12O6
54
E- are carried by __________ ___________ from the original glucose molecule to the final stage of respiration
electron carriers
55
Name for the "empty uber" that cruises around to pick up -e
NAD+
56
When NAD+ picks up an e- it becomes
NADH
57
When NADH drops of it's e- it becomes
NAD+
58
__________ is the full uber that is carrying e-
NADH
59
three stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), and electron transport chain
60
Glycolysis is the enzymatic conversion of ___________ to ______ ________ ________ (per glucose)
glucose to two pyruvic acids
61
Where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
62
What does glycolysis yield
2 ATP and 2 NADH
63
pyruvic acid is ___-carbon fragments
3
64
Following glycolysis, pyruvic acid loses a CO2 molecule and the two-carbon fragment that is left is further metabolized inside the mitochondria. What is this two-carbon compound called?
acetyl-coa
65
true or false: Every single reaction in the citric acid cycle is enzyme catalyzed
true
66
The citric acid cycle is also where the remainder of the original glucose molecule (now Acetyl-Coa) will be broken down to harvest _____________
electrons
67
What does the citric acid cycle produce
2 NADH, 2 CO2, and 2 ATP
68
In the citric acid cycle, the 2-carbon acytl-Coa is broken down further into _______ as electrons are harvested
CO2
69
where does the citric acid cycle take place
the matrix of the mitochondria
70
Where is the electron transport chain
the cristae (inner membrane of the mitochondria)
71
Electron transport chain: there are a series of __________ embedded in the cristae and these will act as a conveyor
belt for the electrons.
proteins
72
In the electron transport chain, the NADH from the first two steps drops off _________ which is then moves from one protein to another
e-
73
Every time an electron is handed to a protein or a proetin hands an electron to another, it __________ _________
changes shape
74
What happens when the proteins in the electron transport chain change shape
hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped into the intermebrane space
75
As electrons are moved along the chain what is happening to the concentration gradient of hydrogen ions between the matrix and the intermembrane space?
Concentration of H+ is higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix
76
What enzyme lets H+ back into the matrix from the intermembrane space
ATP synthase
77
When H+ are pumped back in from high con to low con the energy is used to
phosphorylate ADP to produce ATP
78
How fast does ATP synthase spin
130 times per second
79
What is the final electron receptor in the electron transport chain
oxygen
80
Do humans respire aerobically and anaerobically
mostly aerobic but can do anaerobic for a short time
81
When cells run low on oxygen they must still generate ATP. What so what stage of respiration doesn't require oxygen?
glycolysis
82
in anaerobic respiration, NADH has no where to dump its electrons once it picks them up. Why?
There's no oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain to beckon the NADH to the mitochondria. So now it needs somewhere to dump it in the cytoplasm
83
Where does NADH put its e- in anaerobic respiration?
It gives e- to the pyruvate formed during glycolysis forming lactic acid
84
Name of the important enzyme in the electron transport chain that cyanide inhibits
cytochrome C
85
Photosynthesis uses ________ , __________, and ___________ to produce ___________ and _________
sunlight, CO2, and water to produce sugar and oxygen
86
is blue-green algae really algea?
No, it's cyanobacteria
87
type of algae that secretes a silica shell so it's basically photosynthesizing glass
diatoms
88
the innermembrane of the chloroplast (inside chloroplast envelope) contains what fluid analogous to cytoplasm
stroma
89
what increases the surface area of the inside of the chloroplast
thylakoids/thylakoid membrane
90
The inner and outer membranes of the chloroplasts make up what
chloroplast envelope
91
Suspended in the stroma of the chloroplast are disk-lik structures known as
thylakoids
92
where do photosynthetic reactions occur
the thylakoid membranes
93
Plants look green because they absorb the __________ and ____________ wavelengths of visible light and reflect the ________ range
longer and shorter, middle
94
The structure of chlorophyll is comparable to the structure of what
the heme group found in hemoglobin
95
what metal is found in the center of chlorophyll
magnesium
96
what metal is found in the middle of the heme in hemoglobin
iron
97
two main steps of photosynthesis
light reactions and dark reactions (Calvin cycle)
98
in the light reactions, light excites _______ in the thylakoids
e-
99
oxygen is a biproduct of photosynthesis, meaning that cells with chloroplasts are able to make their own oxygen for ______________ rather than breathing
cellular respiration
100
When we burn coal, we are using some of the remaining __________ that photosynthetic organisms locked up
carbon
101
In what step of photosynthesis is the electron transport chain
the light reactions
102
What is generated from the light reactions
ATP and NADPH
103
What is the name of the empty uber that picks up electrons in photosynthesis
NADP+
104
In the light reactions, how is e- from the chlorophyll replaced
replaced by H20 which releases O2 as a byproduct
105
Where do light reactions occur
the thylakoids
106
where do dark reactions (calvin cycle) occur
the stroma of the chloroplast
107
in photosynthesis, the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions into the _____________
thylakoid
108
Where does the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions go?
To the stroma for the dark reactions
108
In what stage of photosynthesis are sugars produced
dark reactions
109
What enzyme regenerates RuBP during the dark reactions
Rubisco
109
The dark reactions involve the regeneration of the starting molecule _____________ by an enzyme
RuBP
110
What is the most abundant protein on the planet
Rubisco
111
RuBP is made of what
5 carbon
112
Rubisco attaches ____________ to RuBP to make a 6-carbon molecule
CO2
113
Once CO2 attaches to RuBP during the dark reactions, this new 6-carbon molecule quickly breaks down into _____ ___-______ molecules called 3-PGA
two 3-carbon molecules
114
ATP and NADPH are used to convert the molecule ___________ into ____________
3-PGA into G3P
115
The dark reactions produce 6 ________, though only 1 leaves the system
G3Ps
115
In the second step of the dark reactions, ATP and NADPH become __________ and ___________ after creating G3P and return to the light reactions to be reused and reenergized
ADP and NADP+
115
5 out of 6 G3Ps remain in the dark reactions cycle to regenerate ________
RuBP
116
Excess G3P in the dark reactions are used to make _____________
carbohydrates
