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Biomedical Core (Chugg, Kraig, James B. Hutchins, Carol H. Naylor, Kathryn T. Newton, and Travis M. Price. "Module 1." <i>Study Guide for Biomedical Core</i>. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. Print.) > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

(135 cards)

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0
Q

What is the definition of Physiology?

A

The study of the FUNCTION of the human body.

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1
Q

What is the definition of Anatomy?

A

The study of the STRUCTURE of the human body.

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2
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory process.

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3
Q

How does structure determine function?

A

Example: the anatomy of bones allows them to support the weight of the body and to facilitate the movement of the body.

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4
Q

How does function determine structure?

A

Function influences the size, shape, action, and reaction of the structure.

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5
Q

What is the definition of Embryology?

A

Study of the first 8 weeks of development.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Developmental Biology?

A

Study of all stages of development.

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7
Q

What is the definition of Cell Biology?

A

Study of cell structure and function.

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8
Q

What is the definition of Histology?

A

Study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

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9
Q

What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?

A

Study of structures viewed without a microscope.

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10
Q

What is the definition of Surface Anatomy?

A

Study of the surface markings of the body.

Observed through visualization and palpitation (perception by touch).

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12
Q

What is the definition of Systemic Anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of specific systems (digestive, cardiac, immune, etc).

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12
Q

What is the definition of Radiographic Anatomy?

A

Study of body structures visualized with X-Ray, CT, or MRI.

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13
Q

What is the definition of Regional Anatomy?

A

Study of specific regions of the body (head, neck, trunk, etc).

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14
Q

What is the definition of Pathological Anatomy?

A

Study of structural changes with disease.

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15
Q

What is the definition of Neurophysiology?

A

Study of functional properties of nerve cells.

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16
Q

What is the definition of Endocrinology?

A

Study of hormones and how they control body functions.

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17
Q

What is the definition of Cardiovascular physiology?

A

Study of the function of the heart and blood vessels.

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18
Q

What is the definition of Immunology?

A

Study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.

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19
Q

What is the definition of Respiratory physiology?

A

Study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs.

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20
Q

What is the definition of Renal physiology?

A

Study of the functions of the kidneys.

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21
Q

What is the definition of Exercise physiology?

A

Study of the changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.

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22
Q

What is the definition of Pathophysiology?

A

Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging.

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23
Q

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A 
Chemical (atomic & molecular)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism (example: entire body)
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24
What is an example of the CHEMICAL level?
Gases dissolved in the blood. (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen = chemical level) & (chemicals such as DNA, RNA, and proteins = molecular).
25
What is the definition of the TISSUE level? What is an example of the TISSUE level?
Cells gathered together in a group of a certain type (connective tissue holds the structure of the body, nervous tissue collects, uses, and sends out information).
26
What is the definition of the CELLULAR level? What is an example of the CELLULAR level?
What living things are made of (muscle cells, skin cells, etc).
28
What is the definition of the ORGAN level? What is an example of the ORGAN level?
A collection of tissues which performs a function needed for the human body to survive (kidney filters and removes wastes from the blood to make urine).
29
What is the definition of a SYSTEM? What is an example of a SYSTEM?
A group of organs which carry out a more complex set of functions (urinary system = kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra).
30
What is the definition of an ORGANISM? | What is an example of an ORGANISM?
The 11 body systems work together to form an organism (the human body).
31
Describe what the Integumentary system (skin) does.
Protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold.
32
Describe what the Skeletal system does.
Supports and protects the body, provides a surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids (fats).
33
Describes what the Muscular system does.
Produces body movements, such as walking, stabilizes body position (posture), and generates heat.
34
Describe what the Nervous system does.
Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body's internal and external environment, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
35
Describe what the Endocrine system does.
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in the blood from and endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ.
36
Describe what the Cardiovascular system does.
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carbon dioxide, and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
37
Describe what the Lymphatic system does.
Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, and includes structures where lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate.
38
Describe what the Respiratory system does.
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide form blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, and air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
39
Describe what the Digestive system does.
Achieves physical and chemical breakdown food, absorbs nutrients and water, eliminates solid wastes.
40
Describe what the Urinary system does.
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body's mineral balance, and helps regulate production of red blood cells.
41
Describe what the Reproductive system does.
Gonads (ovaries and testes) produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes (this is the only organ system which is completely different between the two genders).
42
The maintenance of normal body function requires what?
The systems to work together (example: body temperature consists of the integumentary, muscular, cardiovascular, nervous systems working together).
43
Describe a person in the Human Anatomical Position.
The subject stands erect facing the observer with head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor, feet directed forwards, and the arms at their sides with the palms facing forward.
44
CEPHALIC
head
45
CRANIAL
skull
46
OCCIPITAL
base of skull
47
FACIAL
face
48
FRONTAL
forehead
49
TEMPORAL
temple
50
ORBITAL, OCULAR
eye
51
OTIC
ear
52
BUCCAL
cheek
53
NASAL
nose
54
ORAL
mouth
55
MENTAL
chin
56
CERVICAL
neck
57
VERTEBRAL
spinal column
58
THORACIC
chest
59
STERNAL
breastbone
60
MAMMARY
breast
61
SCAPULAR
shoulder blade
62
DORSAL
back
63
ABDOMINAL
abdomen
64
UMBILICAL
navel, bellybutton
65
COXAL
hip
66
LUMBAR
loin
67
SACRAL
between hips
68
PELVIC
pelvis
69
INGUINAL
groin
70
PUBIC
pubis
71
GLUTEAL
buttocks
72
What is the region of the anus and the external genitals?
perineal
73
AXILLARY
armpit
74
BRACHIAL
arm
75
ANTECUBITAL
front of elbow
76
OLECRANAL, CUBITAL
back of elbow
77
ANTEBRACHIAL
forearm
78
CARPAL
wrist
79
MANUAL
hand
80
POLLUX
thumb
81
PALMAR, VOLAR
palm
82
DORSUM
back of hand, top of foot
83
DIGITAL, PHALANGEAL
fingers, toes
84
FEMORAL
thigh
85
PATELLAR
anterior surface of the knee
86
POPLITEAL
posterior surface of the knee
87
CRURAL
leg
88
SURAL
calf
89
PEDAL
foot
90
TARSAL
ankle
91
PLANTAR
sole of foot
92
CALCANEAL
heel
93
HALLUX
big toe
94
SUPERIOR
up, above
95
INFERIOR
down, below
96
MEDIAL
toward the midline
97
LATERAL
away from the midline
98
PROXIMAL
closer to point of attachment
99
DISTAL
farther from point of attachment
100
ANTERIOR, VENTRAL
toward the front
101
POSTERIOR, DORSAL
toward the back
102
IPSILATERAL
same side of midline
103
CONTRALATERAL
opposite side of midline
104
SAGITTAL
dividing medial from lateral
105
TRANSVERSE, HORIZONTAL
dividing superior from inferior
106
FRONTAL, CORONAL
dividing anterior from posterior (dorsal from ventral)
107
MIDSAGITTAL
dividing the body into two equal, mirror-image halves
108
PARASAGITTAL
parallel to sagittal, but not through the midline
109
What are the two main body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
110
The THORACIC cavity includes what subcavities?
Pleural, Pericardial, and Mediastinum
111
The DORSAL cavity includes what subcavities?
Cranial and Verebral
112
The VENTRAL cavity includes what subcavities?
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
113
The ABDOMINOPELVIC cavity includes what subcavities?
Abdominal and Pelvic
114
The CRANIAL cavity includes what organ?
brain
115
The VERTEBRAL cavity includes what organ?
spinal cord
116
The PLEURAL cavity includes what organs?
lungs
117
The MEDIASTINUM cavity includes what?
thymus, esophagus, trachea, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and aorta
118
The PERICARDIAL cavity includes what organ?
heart
119
The ABDOMEN includes what?
stomach, liver, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix, and greater omentum
120
The PELVIC includes what?
urinary bladder, ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus
121
What are the two ways you can divide the ABDOMINOPELVIC cavity?
4 Quadrants or 9 Regions
122
The RUQ contains what organs?
liver and gall bladder
123
The LUQ contains what organs?
stomach, spleen, and left kidney
124
The RLQ contains what organs?
cecum (where small intestine meet large) and appendix
125
The LLQ contains what organ?
left ovary (if woman)
126
Name the 9 Regions.
right hypochondriac (under the ribs), epigastric (on top of stomach), left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical (center on the bellybutton), left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric/pubic, left inguinal
127
What is direct transmission?
Touching, kissing, intercourse
128
What is indirect transmission?
Fomites: shared objects
129
What is a droplet transmission?
Distance < 1 meter
130
What is Common Vehicle transmission?
Contaminated food, water, blood (ecoli, samenela, Hep A, B, & C, HIV)
131
What is Vector transmission?
When an organism transmits disease: tick with lymes, mosquitoes with malaria or west Nile, person as a carrier)
132
What are Sporadic infections?
When it occurs in individuals here and there.
133
What are Endemic infections?
When infection is more common in one geographic area, but occur low to moderate levels)
134
What are Epidemic infections?
When infections occur at a higher than normal level in population.
135
What are Pandemic infections?
When infections occur worldwide.

Biomedical Core (Chugg, Kraig, James B. Hutchins, Carol H. Naylor, Kathryn T. Newton, and Travis M. Price. "Module 1." Study Guide for Biomedical Core. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. Print.) (3 decks)

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