Module 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Father of Microbiology
A
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
2
Q
Organized bacteria into genera and species
A
Otto Muller
3
Q
Microorganisms where responsible for causing diseases (Germ Theory)
A
Friedrich Henle
4
Q
Identified cause of anthrax and TB
A
Robert Koch
5
Q
Developed aseptic techniques
A
Louis Pasteur
6
Q
What is Koch’s Postulate?
A
- The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
- The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
- The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
- The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
7
Q
4 General groups of microbes
A
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Parasites
8
Q
Microbes that typically contain DNA or RNA but never both.
A
Viruses
9
Q
True parasites, requiring host cells for replication
A
Viruses
10
Q
Prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by asexual division
A
Bacterias
11
Q
Factors in the epidemiology of infectious diseases
A
Environment
Agent
Host
12
Q
State the infectious disease process
A
Etiologic agent > Reservoir > Portal of exit > Mode of transmission > Portal of entry > Susceptible host
13
Q
2 basic forms of bacterial cell wall and their difference
A
Gram-positive cell wall : thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram-negative cell wall - thin peptidoglycan layer and an overlying outer membrance
14
Q
Eukaryotic organisms that can exist either in a unicellular form (yeast) that can replicate asexually or in a filamentous form (mold) that can replicate asexually and sexually
A
Fungi
15
Q
Fungi that can assume either the yeast or mold form
A
Dimorphic fungi
16
Q
Some disease arise when a person is exposed to organisms from external sources
A
Exogenous infections
17
Q
When a person’s own microbial flora spread to inappropriate body sites where disease can ensue
A
Endogenous infections
18
Q
What are the factors that determine the outcome of the interaction between an organism and the human host?
A
- The virulence of the organism
- The site of exposure
- The human host’s ability to respond to the organism
19
Q
Possible outcomes of the interaction between an organism and the human host
A
- Transient colonization
- Permanent colonization
- Disease
20
Q
Difference between colonization and disease
A
Colonization- when organisms colonize, they do not interfere with the normal body functions.
Disease- when the interaction between the organism and host leads to a pathologic process characterized by damage to the human host.
21
Q
Organisms that are always associated with human disease
A
Strict Pathogens
22
Q
Organisms that are typically members of the patient’s normal microbial flora
A
Opportunistic pathogens
23
Q
Most common ANAEROBIC bacteria of the mouth, oropharynx and nasopharynx
A
Peptostreptococcus and related anaerobic cocci: Veillonella, Actinomyces and Fusobacterium
24
Q
Most common AEROBIC bacteria of the mouth, oropharynx and nasopharynx
A
Streptococcus, Haemophilus and Neisseria
25
Which part of the respiratory system is considered sterile?
Lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchioles and lower airways)
26
Most common organism found in the mouth
Streptococcus
27
A living organism or inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and mutiples
Reservoir
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Any person or animal that harbors a particular infectious agent without discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection
Carrier
29
What are the types of carrier?
In-apparent throughout
Incubatory
Convalescent
CHronic
30
Properties of infectious agents that do not need any interaction with host
Intrinsic properties
31
The ability of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host and produce infection
Infectivity
32
Minimum number of organism required to cause disease
Infectious dose
33
Infection's ability to produce specific immunity in the host
Immunogenicity
34
Ability to produce clinically apparent illness in an infected population
Pathogenicity
35
The extent to which severe disease is produced in a population with clinically manifest disease
Virulence
36
Capacity of an agent to produce a toxin or poison
Toxigenicity
37
Produced inside mostly gram-positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. They are then secreted or released following lysis into the surrounding medium
Exotoxins
38
Part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart
Endotoxin
39
Host-parasite relationship: 2 populations of microbes found in a microecosystem without affecting one another; do not compete for nutrients
Neutralism
40
Host-parasite relationship: Each organism benefits from the association
Mutualism/ Symbiosis
41
Host-parasite relationship: 1 microbe benefits from the association but the other is not affected
Commensalism
42
Host-parasite relationship: A microbe adversely affects the environment of another microbe
Antagonism
43
Host-parasite relationship: 1 microbe lives in or on another microbe( host) which is commonly harmed
Parasitism
44
Host-parasite relationship: 2 microbe ingests another microbe
Predation
45
A clinically manifest disease of man resulting from an infection
Infectious disease
46
An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission from a reservoir to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly
Communicable disease
47
The time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and the first appearance of symptoms associated with the infection
Incubation period
48
The time during which an infectious agent may be transferred from an infected host/reservoir to another susceptible host
Communicable period
49
Infection in a host without recognizable clinical signs or symptoms
Inapparent infection
50
High rate of severe clinical manifestations
Severe disease
51
Patterns of Infection: Confined to specific site or tissue
Local infection
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Patterns of Infection: Spreads to several sites or tissues
Systemic infection
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Patterns of Infection: Local infection that could spread
Focal infection
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Patterns of Infection: Polymicrobial, more than one organism involved
Mixed infection
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Patterns of Infection: Initial infection
Primary infection
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Patterns of Infection: Complicated primary infection (opportunist)
Secondary infection
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Patterns of Infection: rapid, severe, short-lived
Acute infection
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Patterns of Infection: Persistent, slow progree
Chronic infection
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Patterns of Infection: Onset less rapid that acute and less persistent than chronic
Subacute infection
60
Ways of acquiring disease
1. Direct transmission (skin contact)
2. Vertical transmission (via placenta)
3. Indirect transmission (vectors, fomites, vehicle, droplet, aerosols)
61
Common biological specimens for diagnostic testing
1. Blood
2. Sputum
3. Exudates/ Transudates
4. Urine and other body fluids
5. Feces
6. Swabs of tissue samples
62
Resistance exhibited by the host toward infection caused by microorganisms and their products (toxins).
Immunity
63
Reaction of body against any foreign antigen
Immune response
64
System of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
Immune system
65
Examples of barrier defense
Skin and mucous membranes
Body fluids (saliva, tears)
pH (low pH will prevent proliferation of microorganisms)
66
Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens,using a small set of receptors. Rapid response
Innate immunity
67
Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using vast array of receptors
Acquired/ adaptive immunity
68
Different types of phagocytic cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils
Dendritic cells
69
Proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens
Interferons
70
Resistance exhibited by the host toward infection caused by microorganisms and their products (toxins)
Immunity
71
Reaction of body against any foreign antigen
Immune response
72
Detects wide variety of agents and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue
Immune system
73
Examples of barrier defenses
Skin and mucous membrane
Body fluids (saliva, tears)
pH (low pH prevent proliferation of microorganisms)
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Produced by NK cells that activate macrophages
y- IFNs (Type II IFN)
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Produced by virus infected cells that activate NK cells
a and B-IFNs (Type I IFN)
76
Helps the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism
Complement system
77
Microbiologic examinations
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Direct examination and techniques
Culture
Microbial identification
Serodiagnosis
Antimicrobial susceptibility
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78
Ways to identify bacteria
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Gram stain reaction
Shape
Preferred atmosphere
Presence or absence of spores
Key biochemical tests, antigenic components
Molecular features
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79
Gold color in staphylococcus is due to what?
Staphyloxanthin
80
Hemolytic, yellow or golden colonies on blood agar.
Catalase-positive
Coagulase-positive
Salt-tolerant on mannitol salts agar
Staphylococcus aureus
81
3 shapes of bacteria
Cocci (spheres)
Bacilli (rods)
Spirochetes (spirals)
82
Smallest bacterium
Mycoplasma spp.
83
Largest bacterium
Thiomargarita namibiensis
84
Largest medically important bacterium
Borrelia burgdorferi
85
Sugar backbone (glycan) and peptide side chains (peptido) is cross-linked by what?
Transpeptidase
86
All gram-positive bacteria have no endotoxin expect what?
Listeria monocytogenes
87
What component of the cell membrane is unique to gram-positive organisms?
Teichoic acid
88
What component of the cell membrane is unique to gram-negative organisms?
Endotoxin/ lipopolysaccharides (outer membrane)
89
Endotoxin consists of what?
Lipid A and O antigen
90
Lipid A and O antigen induces what?
Induction of IL-1 and TNF
91
State the procedure along with the reagent in gram staining
Step 1: Primary stain - crystal violet
Step 2: Mordant - Iodine
Step 3: Decolorizing agent - acetone
Step 4: Counterstain - safranin
92
Bacterias not seen in gram stain. State alternative approach
```
Mycobacteriae - acid fast stain
Spirochetes - darkfield microscopy
Mycoplasma spp. - none (serologies)
Legionella spp. - silver stain
Chlamydiae - giemsa stain > inclusion bodies
Rickettsiae - giemsa/tissue stains
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93
Propagation of microorganisms in media conducive to their growth
Culture
94
A nutritive substance in which cultures of microorganisms are grown
Culture medium
95
Distinguishes lactose fermenters from non fermenters and H2S producers from nonproducers
Triple sugar iron (TSI)
96
Determines pattern of hemolysis
Blood agar
97
Culture media for staphylococci
Mannitol salts
98
Culture media for clostridium perfeinges
Egg yolk
99
Culture media for N. Meningitides and N. Gonorrhoeae from sterile sites
Chocolate Agar
100
Culture media for N. Gonorrhoeae from nonsterile sites
Thayer-Martin
101
Culture media for Haemophilus influenzae
Chocolate + Factors X and V
102
Culture media for group D Streptococci
Bile esculin
103
Culture media for Corynebacterium Diptheriae
Tellurite
104
Determine whether antibodies are present in the patient's serum. Detect the antigens of the organism in tissues or body fluids
Serologic tests
105
Highly specific, quite sensitive and much faster than culture. Especially useful for those bacteria that are difficult to culture such as Chlamydia and Mycobacterium spp.
Molecular tests
106
Diagnostic methodology that uses an antigen- antibody reaction as the primary means of detection.
Immunodiagnostics
107
Commonly uses fluorescein-labeled antibodies. Common uses:Bordetella pertussis or Legionella pneumophila
Immunofluorescent (IF) antibody staining
108
Examples of nontreponemal test for Syphillis
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
Unheated Serum Reagin (USR)
Toulidine Red Unheated Serum Test (TRUST)
109
Screening serologic test for Syphillis
Nontreponemal
110
Confirmatory test for Syphilis. Measures antibodies against T. pallidum antigens
Treponemal antibody tests (T Pallidum enzyme immunoassay (TPEIA))
111
Type of immunity when body develops large number of lymphocytes which are specifically activated against a foreign agent.
Cell-mediated immunity
112
Cell involved in cellular immunity
T-lymphocytes
Macrophages
NK cells
113
Promotes the development of normal operation antibodies. Principle action of antibodies is the interruption of receptor linkages between the pathogen and the cell
Humoral immunity
114
Enhances phagocytosis and reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with
Agglutination
115
Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
Opsonization
116
Blocks adhesions of bacteria and viruses to mucosa. Also blocks active site of toxin.
Neutralization
117
Only immunoglobulin capable of crossing the placenta
IgG
118
Antigen receptor on surface B cells. Activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors
IgD
119
Bound to surface of mast cells and basophils. Destroy parasitic worms and participates in allergies
IgE
120
Present in body secretions. Provides protection against proliferation of microorganisms in this fluid
IgA
121
A pentamer. First Ig class produced in a prumary response to an Antigen.
IgM
122
Immune response that results in exaggerated or inappropriate reactions that are harmful to the host
Hypersensitivity
123
Also called anaphylactic hypersensitivity. Occurs when allergens bind to IgE n surface of mast cells wit consequent release of several mediators
Type I hypersensitivity (Immediate hypersensitivity)
124
Consists of several leukotrienes, which do not exist in a preformed state but are produced during anaphylactic reactions
Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
