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Health Disease Determinants > Module 1-5 > Flashcards

Module 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

1948 Defintion of Health

A

health is a state of complete, physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

1984 defintion of Health

A

the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs. And on the other hand, to change or cope with environment. Resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. It is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities

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3
Q

Charles Winslow’s defintion of Health

A

art of preventing disease, prelonging life and promoting physical and mental health through organized community efforts. - social machinery which will ensure every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health

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4
Q

Assess and monitor

A

population health status, factors that influence health, community needs and assets

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5
Q

investigate, diagnose, and address health problems

A

and hazards affecting the population, root causes

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6
Q

communicate effectively

A

inform and educate people about health. factors that influence it, and how to improve

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7
Q

strengthen, support, mobilize

A

communities and partnerships to improve health

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8
Q

create, champion, and implement policies

A

plans, and laws that impact health

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9
Q

utilize legal and regulatory actions

A

designed to improve and protect the public’s health

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10
Q

assure and effective system

A

that enables equitable access to the individual services and care needed to be healthy

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11
Q

build and support

A

a diverse and skilled public health workforce

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12
Q

improve and innovate public health functions

A

through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement

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13
Q

build and maintain

A

strong organization infrastructure for public health

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14
Q

Meikirch Model of Health

A

individual, society, environment

complex adaptive system, linked nature of health, whole government, responsibility, integrative apprach

photo in notes

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14
Q

top 10 causes of death

A

heart disease
cancer
covid
accidents
stroke
chronic lower respiratory disease
diabetes
chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
kidney disese - nephritits, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis

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15
Q

levels of prevention

A

upstream - societal
midstream - community
downstream - individual and family

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16
Q

Primordial

A

laws and policies that advocate to improve health, upstream and less costly

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17
Q

primary

A

educating, creating programs, altering individual lifestyle choice

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18
Q

secondary

A

screenings and early detection/diagnosis

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19
Q

tertiary

A

treatment and prevention of diseases once it has attacked the body

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20
Q

quaternary

A

avoiding over medicalization/over medication

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21
Q

social determinant of health

A

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, including the health system.. Shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at a global, national, and local levels are mostly responsible for health inequities, the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries

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22
Q

solar and irwin model

A

picture on phone

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23
Q

health in all policies

A

approach to public policies across sectors that systematically takes into account the health implications of decisions, seeks synergies, and avoids harmful health impacts in order to improve population health and health equity. It improves accountability of policymakers for health impacts at all levels of policy-making. It includes an emphasis on the consequences of public policies on health system, determinants of health and well-being.
○ If we all work together we would all improve health together

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24
dispariteis
not simply differences in health.. May connate a difference that is inequitable, unjust, or unacceptable
24
inequities
Moral and ethical dimension, resulting from avoidable and unjust differentials in health status
25
HPA axis
chronic stress pathway picture on phone
26
primary health care
universally accessible, affordable health care
27
drivers of health inequities
gender bias, resources, entitlements, norms, values, position of women in society
28
social determinants of health
circumstances and systems in which people are born, grow up, live, work, age
29
social gradient
Lower on SE position, worse health
30
health inequalities
differences in health outcomes
31
health inequities
life expectancy at bith is different for people
32
health disparities
difference in health outcome
33
Health belief model
Hochbuam & Rosenstock perceived susceptability perceived severity perceived benefits perceived barriers cues to action self-efficacy
34
Perceived susceptibility
one's opinion of chances of getting condition
35
perceived severity
opinion of how serious a condition is and what its consequences are
36
perceived benefits
belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact
37
perceived barriers
one's opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action
38
cues to action
strategies to activate readiness
39
self-efficacy
confidence in one's ability to take action
40
HBM
individuals course of action depends on the person's perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to health behavior ○ Why people did or did not use preventive services Address concerns in prevention and detection
41
Theory of Planned Behavior
attitude behavioral intention subjective norm social norm perceived power perceived behavioral control
42
attitude
degree to which a person has favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior
43
behavioral intention
motivational factors that influence a given behavior, stronger the intention, more likely to perform behavior
44
Social norms
customary codes of behavior in a group or people or large cultural context. Normative, standard in group of people
45
Subjective norm
belief about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior.
46
Perceived power
perceived presence of factors that facilitate or impede performance of a behavior
47
Perceived behavioral control
perception of ease or difficulty performing the behavior.
48
Key components of TPB
behavioral intent on likelihood that behavior will have expected outcome
49
social cognitive theory
Albert Bandura personal factors, environemental influence, behavior
50
constructs of SCT
reciprocal determinism behavioral capability observational reinforcements expectations self-efficacy
51
reciprocal determinism
can be both agent and responder to change. Thus changes in the environment, examples of role models, and reinforcements can be used to promote healthier behavior
52
purpose of SCT
explain how people regulate their behavior through control and reinforcements to achieve goal-directed behavior that can be maintained over time Unique feature: emphasis on social influence and external and internal social reinforcement. Accounts for a person's past experience in determining if behavioral action will occur
53
transtheoretical model
prochaska and diclemente at any point there can be a relapse propose that people are at different stages of readiness to adopt healthful behaviors
54
diffusion of innovation
used to accelerate the adoption of important public health programs that aim to change the behavior of a social system. Successful adoption of PH program results from understanding the target population and the factors influencing their rate of adoption
55
distribution
innovators: 2.5 early adopters: 13.5 early majority: 34 late majority: 34 laggards: 16
56
scientist for diffusion of innovation
E.M Rogers
57
socioecological model
urie bronfenbrenner ○ Individual, interpersonal, community, organizational, policy/enabling environment Purpose: Propose that all influences are important to health. Healthy behaviors are maximized when environments and policies support healthful choices
58
developmentla origins of health and disease
david barker development of child
59
1st trimeter
increase chance of hemorrhage, stroke
59
2nd trimester
increased chance of coronary heart disease
60
3rd trimester
increased chance of coronary heart disease or thrombotic stroke
61
life course theory
glen elder ○ Timing in live ○ Time and place ○ Human agency in constrained situation ○ Human development and aging in lifelong process Linked lives
62
harvard model
Problem and solution to health condition
63
Rothman's causal pies
○ Sufficient cause - complete pie that represents a causal pathway for a disease ○ Component cause - individual pieces of the pie Necessary cause - a component that appears in every pie or pathway
64
sufficient cause
complete pie that represents a causal pathway for a disease
65
component cause
individual pieces of the pie
66
Necessary cause
a component that appears in every pie or pathway
67
descriptive epidemiology
person, place, time
68
person
characteristics: age, sex, occupation, of individuals affected by outcome
69
place
geography, residence, work, hospital of affected individuals
70
time
when events diagnosis, reporting, testing occurred
71
vasodilation
increase blood flow and cell permeability
71
analytical epidemiology
○ Test hypotheses about exposure and outcome relationship ○ Measure the association between exposure and outcome ○ Includes comparison group ○ Experimental and observational Prevalence - know how to read a table of stats
72
extravasation
movement of WBC from capillaries to tissue
73
diapedesis
netrophils migrate
74
chemotaxis
macrophages transferred to the site
75
Exudate
the fluid, leukocytes, and debris that accumulate as a result of inflammation
76
Serous
Fluid containing little protein; colorless - simple cuts
77
Purulent/Suppurative:
Creamy yellow pus containing mostly inflammatory cells - infection
78
Fibrinous
Forms adhesions - sticky - burn
79
Hemorrhagic
Occurs when inflammation ruptures small capillaries - blood, dark red
80
Sanguineous
bright red, fresh blood (may be hemorrhagic), indicates active bleeding
81
percent of adults in US that are obese
41.9%
82
syndrome of hypers
○ More than 1 in 5 americans have metabolic syndrome ○ Apple shape ○ Blood pressure ○ Triglyceride level ○ Fasting blood glucose HDL cholesterol ○
83
BMI classes
○ Underweight - under 18.5 ○ Normal 18.5-24.9 ○ Overweight 25-29.9 ○ Obese 1 30-34.9 ○ Obese 2 35-39.9 ○ Obese 3 over 40
84
underweight
under 18. 5
85
normal weight
18.5-24.9
86
oveweight
25-29.9
87
obese 1
30-34.9
88
obese 2
35-39.9
89
obese 3
over 40
90
sleeve gastrectomy
cut off outer portion of the stomach so your stomach can't expand as much as it could before, and you get full much quicker Less risk, hormones that make you hungry are secreted in this part of the stomach
91
roux-en-Y
take a loop of your duodenum and connect it to top of stomach and disconnect most of the stomach - higher risk of bleeding and malnutrition
92
gastric banding
burst bands because just can't stop eating
93
thrombus
stationary clot
94
embolus
moving clot
95
intrinsic pathway
caused by endothelia damage - veins and arteries
96
extrinsic pathway
caused by cellular injury - cellular injuries, poked
97
Vit K factors
2, 7, 9, 10
98
prevent DVT
○ Don't smoke ○ Stay active/exercise ○ Maintain normal body weight and diet ○ Identify risk of birth control or HRT with physician § Hormone replacement therapy ○ Avoid alcohol Leg compression pump, low blood thinner
99
virchow's triad
○ Vessel wall injury ○ Stasis - not moving Hypercoaguability
100
large pulmonary embolism
§ Completely block main pulmonary artery § Lungs not infarcted because of collateral blood flow Cyanosis and shortness of breath
101
small pulmonary embolism
§ Raises pulmonary pressure Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarct
102
pulmonary diagnosis
§ Patient's clinical history § Lunch scan § Pulmonary angiogram □ Gold standard CT scan
103
ABC's of diabetes
○ A1c test - less than 7% ○ Blood pressure less than 140/90 Cholesterol level for LDL less than 100
104
ketoacidosis
seen in type 1 more often
105
cardinal signs of inflammation
heat redness tenderness swelling pain loss of function
106
intrinsic pathway factors
1,2,9,10,11,12
107
extrinsic pathway factors
1,2, 7, 10
108
A1c -normal, prediabetes, diabetes
normal - less than 5.7 prediabetes - 5.7- 6.4 diabetes - greater than 6.5
109
type 1 diabetes
○ Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss associated with random plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL ○ Plasma glucose greater than 126 after overnight fast, documented on more than one occasion ○ Ketonemia, ketonuria, both Islet autoantibodies are frequently present
110
type 2 diabets
○ Most patients are over 40 years of age and obese ○ Polyuria and polydipsia, ketonuria and weight loss are generally uncommon at time of diagnossis. Candidal vaginitis in women may be an initial manifestation many patients have few or no symptoms ○ Plasma glucose greater than 126 mg/dL after an overnight fast on more than one occasion two hours after 75g oral glucose, diagnostic values are greater than 200 mg/dL ○ HbA greater than 6.5 Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis are often associated
111
acute inflammation
physical, chemical agent immediate onset hours to days neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils innate immunity, rash, pus, abscess self-limited tissue injury
112
chronic inflammation
persistenet irritation infection, autoimmunity slow, month to years onset weeks, months, years duration macrophages, lymphocytes, plasama cells, fibroblasts acquired immunity, rash, fibrosis, granulosa progressive tissue injury
113
metabolic syndrom
visceral obesity insulin resistance hypertension high triglycerides low HDL cholesterol
114
visceral obesity
men above 40 women above 35
115
insulin resistence
fasting gluclose greater than 100
116
hypertension
BP greater than 130/85
117
high triglycerides
above 150
118
low HDL cholesterol
women less than 50 men less than 40
119
metabolic syndrome
constellation of interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin that appear to directly promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) commonly manifest prothrombotic and proinflammatory state
120
homeostasis phase 1
thromboplastin formation
121
homeostasis phase 2
prothrombin to thrombin
122
homeostasis phase 3
fibrinogen to fibrin
123
bleeding problems phase 1
Hemophilia A, B, C, von willebrand's disease
124
hemophilia A
classic hemophilia - factor 7 antihemophilic factor
125
hemophilia b
christmas disease. factor 9 christmas factor
126
hemophilia c
factor 11. plasma thromboplastin antecedent
127
von willebrand's disease
vWF + factor 7
128
phase 2 bleeding problems
vit k synthesis or absoption problems. use of coumadin, broad-spectrum antibiotics, gallstone/tumor in common bile duct
129
phase 3 bleeding problems
afibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia
130
local effects of inflammation
capillary dilation incrased capillary permeability attraction to leukocytes systematic: fever, leukocytes
131
capillary dilation
incrased blood flow, warmth, redness
132
increased capillary permeabillity
extravasation of fluid swelling
133
attraction of leukocytes
chemotaxis, migrate to injury adhere to endothelium of small blood vessells
134
step 1 of inflammation
1. Release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors - trigger local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability Mast cells release histamine and mediates vasodilation
135
step 2 of inflammation
2. Capillaries dilate - increase blood flow to site of injury i. Extravasation/diapedesis Clotting begins via release of clotting factors and platelets
136
step 3 of inflammation
3. Chemotaxis - cells migrate to site of inflammation i. Inflammatory response continues until pathogen is eliminated and wound is repaired
137
histamine function
Histamine regulates a plethora of pathophysiological and physiological processes, such as secretion of gastric acid, inflammation, and the regulation of vasodilatation and bronchoconstriction (29, 30). In addition, it can also serve as a neurotransmitter
138
histamine agents?
- Agents may be physical (heat or cold) , chemical (concentrated acid) , or microbiologic (bacterium or virus)
139
HPA axis
mediates the effects of stressors by regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune responses, and the autonomic nervous system
140
disseminated intravascular coagulation system (DIC)
○ DIC- abnormal bleeding ○ Activates clotting mechanism using clotting factors ○ Fibrinolysin is activated Net result? Hemorrhage - excessive bleeding
141
DIC
cause blood levels to drop fibrinogen levels elevate
142

Health Disease Determinants (4 decks)

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