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Health Disease Determinants > Module 6-10 > Flashcards

Module 6-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

normal blood pressure

A

less than 120/ less than 80

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2
Q

elevated blood pressure

A

120-128/ less than 80

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3
Q

high blood pressure - hypertension stage 1

A

130-139/ 80-89

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4
Q

high blood pressure - hypertension stage 2

A

140 or higher / 90 or higher

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5
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

higher than 180/ higher than 120

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6
Q

hypertensive urgency

A

greater than 180/ higher than 120
asymptomatic

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7
Q

hypertensive emergency

A

higher than 180/ higher than 120 with signs and symptoms of organ damage
chest pain, organ - brain, heart, kidney

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8
Q

errors in BP

A

full bladder
talking
too small cuff
cuff over clothes
arm not at heart level
legs crossed

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9
Q

how much inaccuracy for full bladder

A

adds 10mmHg

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10
Q

how much inaccuracy for talking

A

adds 10mmHg

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11
Q

how much inaccuracy for too small cuff

A

2-10mmHg

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12
Q

how much inaccuracy for cuff over clothing

A

5-50mmHg

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13
Q

how much inaccuracy for arm not at heart

A

add 10mmHg

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14
Q

how much inaccuracy for legs crossed

A

add 2-8mmHg

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15
Q

calculating MAP (mean arterial pressure)

A

normal 70-110mmHg
((2x diastolic) + systolic)/ 3

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16
Q

MAP

A

average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle
better indicator of perfusion to vital organs than SBP

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17
Q

Stroke belt according to REGARDS study

A
  1. Alabama
  2. Arkansas
  3. Georgia
  4. Louisiana
  5. Mississipi
  6. North Carolina
  7. South Carolina
  8. Tennessee
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18
Q

link between stroke and dementia

A

have stroke 2-8x more likely to develop dementia
at risk for stroke may develop cognitive impairments such as BLOOD VESSELS DETERIORATE increase risk of later developing age related COGNITIVE DECLINE and DEMENTIA

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19
Q

SDH - disparities in CV health

A

race/ethnic minority groups
pregnant or postpartum women with HTN
lower income
rural areas & access deserts
behavioral health issues and smoking

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20
Q

Life’s simple 7

A

Get Active
Eat better
Lose weight
Control Cholesterol
Manage Blood Pressure
Reduce Blood Sugar
Stop Smoking

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21
Q

Common sites of cerebral aneurysm

A

Anterior communication artery - 30%
Bifurcation of Internal Carotid Artery and posterior communicating artery - 25%
Bifurcation of middle cerebral artery - 20%

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22
Q

breast cancer risk factors

A

age
race
biological susceptibility
personal and family history
search menarche, late menopause
not breastfeeding
poor diet
physical inactivity
alcohol use
contraceptive use
hormone therapy
reproductive history
use of DES

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23
Q

2009 USPSTF Recommendations

A

women, age 50-74 recommend biennial screening

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24
Q

high risk populations of breast cancer

A

more white women diagnosed
more black women die
65 = median age at diagnosis
68 = median age at death

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25
what are dense breasts
amount of fibrous & glandular tissue vs amount of fatty tissue in the breast - based on mammogram finding not size or appearance
26
what to do if you have dense breasts
breast ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
27
who is more likely to have dense breast?
can change over time younger pregnant/breast-feeding taking hormone replacement therapy lower body weight
28
why is breast density important?
higher chance of getting breast cancer more dense, higher risk NOT more likely to die from breast cancer
29
breast cancer hormone receptors
estrogen progesterone HER-2
30
6 R's of behavioral management * how to address in dementia
reassess reconsider re-channel/re-direct reassure review restrict
31
Depression S/S (SIGECAPS)
S- sleep changes - increase day, decrease night I- interest loss (apathy) G- guilt (worthlessness) E- energy loss - fatigue C- cognition/concentration reduced A- Appetite - usually decrease but sometimes increase P- Psychomotor agitation (anxiety) retardation S- suicide preoccupation
32
TIA S/S
temporary reduction in blood supply sudden onset of neurologic deficit usually 2-30 min rarely more than 1-2 hours resolve completely in 24 hours
33
TIA causes
clot is fragmented and dissolved 1/3 patients eventually have major stroke
34
TIA treatment
carotid endarterectomy drugs that decrease thrombi formation
35
long term memory
explicit memory implicit memory
36
explicit memory
semantic memory episodic memory
37
implicit memory
procedural memory emotional memory
38
Lewy Body Dementia
5-10 % alpha-synuclein protein, chief component of Lewy bodies slowness gait imbalance + parkinson movement features
39
Parkinson's disease
substantia nigra = decreased dopamine; with Lewy bodies that pull alpha-synuclein protein out of the nucleus of neurons
40
Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick's Dse)
loss of function in frontal and temporal lobes - behavior personality difficulty with producing/comprehending language
41
Mixed Dementia
MC mix: AD + Vascular Dementia + Lewy body
42
Korsakoff Dementia
Severe Vit B1 deficiency (thiamine) - alcohol use, AIDS, cancer
43
TNM staging
T- tumor size N - node involvement M - metastasis
44
what does TNM describe
size, location, spread from original site
45
Dementia Risk Factors
advancing age family history CVD risk (hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, homocysteine) stroke atherosclerosis apolipoprotein E Gene mild cognitive impairment traumatic brain injury female lack of social and cognitive engagement low educational level
46
T/F dementia is a normal part of aging
False
47
top 3 types of dementia
Alzheimers disease - MC vascular dementia Lewy body dementia
48
Neurocognitive and behavioral changes in dementia (MAAAE)
memory impairment - short term first then long term aphasia - speech/language apraxia - movement agnosia - recognition of faces, objects execution function issues
49
why is dementia more common in females
longer life expectancy
50
2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
healthy lifestyle throughout life exercise > 150 min - moderate OR 75 min of vigorous Mediterranean Diet or DASH sleep
51
diet in cardiovascular disease
minimize trans fan, red meat and processed meat, refined carbohydrates, sweetened beverages
52
atrophy
decrease cell size
53
hypertrophy
increase cell size
54
hyperplasia
increase cell number
55
metaplasia
conversion of one cell type to another
56
dysplasia
disorderly growth
57
neoplasia
new growth (benign/malignant)
58
neoplasia warning signs
CAUTION c: change in bowel/bladder a: a sore does not heal u: unusual bleeding/discharge t: thickening lump in breast I: indigestion/ difficulty swallowing o: obvious change in wart/mole n: nagging cough or hoarseness
59
benign tumors
growth rate: slow growth character: expansion tumor spread: localized cell differentiation: well differentiated cells "oma" to name of cells of origin adenoma
60
stage 0 breast cancer
noninvasive carcinoma in situ
61
stage 1 breast cancer
1-2 cm, no lymph nodes involved
62
stage 2 breast cancer
invasive 2-5 cm, or + axillary LN on same side as breast cancer
63
stage 3 breast cancer
locally advanced > 2 inches in diameter, extensive axillary LN, spread to other LN or tissues
64
stage 4 breast cancer
metastatic breast cancer
65
recurrent breast cancer
comes back after initial treatment
66
malignant tumors
growth rate: rapid growth character: infiltration tumor spread: metastasis by blood stream or lymphatic channel cel differentiation: poorly-differentiated cells ex: carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia
67
metabolic syndrom components
elevated waist circumference - >40 men >35 women high triglyceride > 150 low HDL <40 men < 50 women elevated BP >130/85 elevated fasting glucose >100 pro inflammatory state - C reactive protein, due to obesity pro thrombotic state - elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor
68
atherogenesis and formation of a coronary clot
1. endothelia damage & immune response 2. fatty streak forms and beginning of plaque formation 3. plaque grows, fibrous cap forms, calcium deposits 4. plaque ruptures, thrombus forms > AMI or stroke
69
LADA (left anterior descending artery)
most commonly blocked
70
LMCA (left main coronary artery)
blockage can lead to sudden cardiac death
71
Bifurcation between LMCA and LADA
blockage referred to as the widow maker
72
unhealthy life practices
smoking inactivity diet
73
primordial prevention
traditional: age, family history.. nontraditional: stress, pollution
74
primary prevention
subclinical disease clinical disease
75
secondary prevention
second event
76

Health Disease Determinants (4 decks)

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