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Plants > Module 1-6 test > Flashcards

Module 1-6 test Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q
  1. Change in land cover over the years
A

Increase in exotic forest and cropping and hort. Decrease in exotic and tussock grassland

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2
Q
  1. NZ has a…
A

Maritime climate (cool summers, mild winters, small annual temp range), young soils (volcanic, sedimentary, erosion processes), mountain backbone

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3
Q
  1. NZ soils are…
A

Naturally acidic and low in nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

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4
Q
  1. NZ volcanic activity
A

Ash deposits form parent materials for soil.

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5
Q
  1. Pre European cover of NZ
A

Alpine, Montane (beech forests, tussock), lowland and hill forest (tall rainforest, rainfall > 1000m), lowland and hill scrub (drier sites, bracken manuka kanuka)

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6
Q
  1. What are QEII covenants
A

Conserved blocks of native bush or wetland, usually within sheep and beef farms, fenced off from livestock and gifted to the trust

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7
Q
  1. The forest cover of NZ after settlers
A

Before Maori settlers, 75% of NZ was covered in forest (rest of land was unsuitable for forest growth). When Europeans settled forest cover was 53%. Today forest cover is 24%.

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8
Q
  1. Burning the forest
A

1840 - forests burned for farmland development. 1920 farmland area reached the peak. Burning of forest cause soils to lose fertility

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9
Q
  1. NZ current livestock
A

30mil sheep, 3.8mil beef cattle, 6.7mil dairy cattle, 1mil deer, 300,000 pigs

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10
Q
  1. What percentage of NZ’s land area is used for pastoral farming
A

40%

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11
Q
  1. What percentage of NZ’s land area is used for cropping and hort
A

1.8%

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12
Q
  1. What percentage of NZ’s land area is exotic forest
A

7.5%

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13
Q
  1. What percentage of NZ’s land area is tussock grassland
A

8.6%

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14
Q
  1. What percentage of NZ’s land area is urban
A

0.85%

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15
Q
  1. What percentage NZ export earnings are from primary industries and dairying
A

Over 50% for primary, 25% for dairying

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16
Q
  1. The value of everything
A

Efficient price for a resource = marginal cost of supplying the resource + marginal cost of any lost ecological functions + the marginal cost of any co-lateral pollution + the marginal cost of lost future options + the marginal cost of lost existence and bequest value

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17
Q
  1. Pastoralism
A

Moa hunted to extinction 400yrs ago so Maori confined to coastal sites (fish, shellfish, sea mammals) and inland waterways (freshwater mussels, eels) and productive land was cleared and gardened (kumara, taro, yams, green vege, potato)

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18
Q
  1. European arrival waves
A

1st wave - miners (whalers, sealers, timber, amber, gold), 2nd wave - settlers

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19
Q
  1. European agricultural technology
A

Cereal crops, ruminants, legumes. Early adoption of new technology by Maori farmers.

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20
Q
  1. What crop was sown after burning and what was exported back to Europe
A

Cocksfoot sown and persists. Seed exported back to Europe

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21
Q
  1. The wheat boom
A

Lowland tussock ploughed in Marlborough, canterbury, Otago, southland 1860-1910. 1890 - 250,000ha wheat sown (20% of export earnings)

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22
Q
  1. Advent of refrigeration
A

Saved meat industry (access high prices for products overseas). Development of mixed farming (crop, sheep and cattle). First ship of refrigerated meat from dunedin in 1882

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23
Q
  1. Seed mixes following forest burn
A

Used many species because they didn’t know which would successfully establish. Legumes to introduce nitrogen, high fertility species to use initial nutrient flush, low fertility species to colonize poorer sites.

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24
Q
  1. Origin of agricultural plant species
A

Europe - ryegrasses, tall fescue, cocksfoot, white and red clover, browntop, Yorkshire fog
Asia - wheat, rye, lucerne
Mediterranean - phalaris, subterranean clover, barley, peas
Central/South America - maize, potatoes, kumara, brome grasses, paspalum

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25
1. The bulk of production comes from...
Animals (5) - sheep, cattle, chicken, deer, pig. Plants (40) - pasture species, pine & douglas fir, wheat and other cereals, potatoes and other veges, fruit trees
26
1. Auckland Acclimation society
Released 30 birds, fish and animals in first year. Not all were approved such as weasels, ferrets and stoats to control rabbits. ~25,000 plants species introduced. ~2,000 naturalized
27
1. Weed introductions
Gorse and broom deliberately introduced as hedging material. Blackberry and sweet brier deliberately introduced as vitamin C sources. Hay and stock feed from South Africa were contaminants of other seeds or produce
28
1. Origins of some weed species
Asia - barberry, Himalayan honeysuckle Australia - sheeps' burr, wild linen, hakea South Africa - kikuyu grass, cape weed, boxthorn South America - nassella tussock, tradescantia, onehunga weed North America - lodgepole pine, californian poppy, californian thistle, tree lupin, musk Europe - gorse, broom, dead nettle, buttercup, ragwort, couch grass Eurasia - shepherds purse, plantain, dock, flannel leaf
29
1. Legume based pastures
Mutualistic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria. Fixes nitrogen 50-150kgN/ha/year. Highly digestible. High protein and cation content
30
1. Most prominent horticultural exports
kiwifruit, wine grapes, apples. Then avocados, cherries and blueberries.
31
1. Important export crops today
Potatoes, onions, peas, squash, sweetcorn, carrots.
32
1. The Grassland Revolution
Recognition of useful pasture/livestock. Breeding of new ryegrass and clover cultivars. Recognition of deficiency and use of fertilizer. Adaptation of technology (fencing, machinery)
33
1. How does subdivision, oversowing, topdressing, and increased stocking affect pastoral systems
It results in greater dry matter production and a higher proportion of ryegrass and white clover in the pasture and lower composition of browntop, and weeds.
34
1. Current NZ bred species
over 40 ryegrass cultivars, 11 grass species, 2 herb species, 13 white clover cultivars, 8 legume species, 7 Brassica forage species
35
1. Fertilisers through the years
1920 - superphosphate, potassium on volcanic soils 1930 - 'bush sickness' cobalt deficiency, selenium 1950 - sulfur, molybdenum
36
1. Precision agriculture tools
Plane with hyperspectral sensor, drones with | sensors and cameras, pasture meter to measure the mass of pasture
37
2. Seed/seedling
Starting point. Most plant systems involve seed but some propagate vegetatively through tubers, cuttings, or stolon/rhizome. In nature seed has many functions such as dispersal, overwintering/oversummering, multiply number of plants, build a seed bank.
38
2. Seeds contain
an embryo plant, and a food store with cotyledons (dicots have 2 cotyledons) and endosperm (monocots have just 1 cotyledon)
39
2. Meristems
Growth points where cell division occurs
40
2. Phytomers
Repeating modular structures that consist of a node, leaf, and axillary bud separated by an internode
41
2. Requirements for germination
Water (rehydration, enzyme activation), oxygen (respiration), appropriate temp, overcome any dormancy condition (stratification - moist chilling, hardseeded species - seedcoat slightly damaged to allow germination)
42
2. Hypogeal germination
Cotyledons remain below ground (peas, wheat, ryegrass)
43
2. Epigeal germination
Cotyledons are raised above ground (radish, climbing bean, white clover)
44
2. Meristem
a specialized region of plant tissue found mainly at the | growing tips of roots & shoots consisting of dividing cells forming new tissue
45
2. Apical meristem
Located at the growing tips of shoots or roots. Involved in primary growth
46
2. Basal meristem
Occur when the material is produced then forced | out from the base of the plant. Involved in primary growth
47
2. Intercalary meristem
Monocot. At the base of nodes & grass leaf blades, responsible for leaf blade elongation. Involved in primary growth
48
2. Vascular cambium
Dicot. 2 embryonic leaves in the seedling produces secondary xylem (transports water & minerals) & secondary pholem (transports carbohydrates). Involved in primary growth
49
2. Cork cambium
A cylinder of cells that increases the girth (thickness) of trees. Involved in secondary growth
50
2. Determinate shoot
When shoot becomes reproductive it effectively terminates the life of that shoot (barley, reproductive tillers of all grasses)
51
2. Rosette determinate shoot
Reproductive stem will flower, seed & die; rest of plant may continue (dandelion)
52
2. Indeterminate shoot
When lateral meristems flower but the apical one continues to grow vegetatively (white clover, most peas)
53
2. Primary growth
Growth from apical or basal meristems. It adds repeating modular structures called phytomers
54
2. Secondary growth
The cork cambium allows for secondary growth (stem & root thickening)
55
2. Endogenous signals
Internal signals that give information on nutrient status or resource availability (Abscisic Acid (ABA), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Cytokinins (CKs), Gibberellins (GA), ethylene)
56
2. Exogenous signal - light
Three main factors - quantity per unit time, quality (wavelength), duration. Long-day and short-day plants - some plants flower only when the day length is shorter than a certain length and vice versa.
57
2. Photometry
Perceived brightness (by humans)
58
2. Radiometry
Light energy across all wavelengths between summer & winter
59
2. Photoperiod
Daylength duration
60
2. Vernalisation
Plants require a period of cold before the seedling/plant flowers so it doesn’t flower in the winter
61
2. Stratification
Plants require a period of cold before they will germinate so they don’t germinate going into winter
62
2. Floral induction
A physiological change that permits the development of | the first reproductive cells
63
2. Inflorescence
Collective flowers, branches, and reproductive stem
64
2. Pollination
Pollen moves from anthers (male) to stigma (female)
65
2. Cross-pollination
Different plants of the same species
66
2. Self-pollination
Same plant = very reliable crops. Autogamy - pollen transferred to the stigma of the same flower. Geitonogamy - pollen transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same flowering plant
67
2. Apomixis
Embryo produced from a single cell of mother plant (clonal seed)
68
2. Annual
All roots, stems & leaves of the plant die annually, & only the seed survives to create the next generation
69
2. Biennial
Plants require up to 2 years to complete their life cycle
70
2. Perennial (herbaceous)
A plant that normally lives for 2 or more seasons. After an initial period produces flowers & fruits/seeds at a certain time of the year, but still persists vegetatively
71
2. Perennial (woody)
A plant that normally lives for 2+ seasons, but often much longer. After an initial period (often a few years) produces flowers & fruits/seeds at a certain time of the year, but still persists vegetatively
72
2. Tiller
Single grass shoot. Has 3-4 leaves, leaf (made up of a sheath and lamina), 3-4 leaf sheaths make up the pseudostem, no. of adventitious roots, true stem (stolon)
73
2. Segmental morphology of grasses
Shoot is a co-ordinated series of phytomers all at differing ages. Older phytomers die & decay at the base. Is seen as a continuous leaf turnover & root turnover and programmed senescence (death)
74
2. Pseudostem vs true stem
``` Pseudostem (= false stem) - 3-4 leaf sheaths, holds leaves to the light, protects basal meristem, flexible (not damaged, springs back after treading). True stem (= stolon) - internodes lengthen when buried, basal meristem (at top of true stem, at bottom of pseudostem) ```
75
3. Environmental effects on plant growth & development
Radiation (energy), water, mineral nutrients, temperature

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