Flashcards in Module 1-6 test Deck (75)
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1
1. Change in land cover over the years
Increase in exotic forest and cropping and hort. Decrease in exotic and tussock grassland
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1. NZ has a...
Maritime climate (cool summers, mild winters, small annual temp range), young soils (volcanic, sedimentary, erosion processes), mountain backbone
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1. NZ soils are...
Naturally acidic and low in nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
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1. NZ volcanic activity
Ash deposits form parent materials for soil.
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1. Pre European cover of NZ
Alpine, Montane (beech forests, tussock), lowland and hill forest (tall rainforest, rainfall > 1000m), lowland and hill scrub (drier sites, bracken manuka kanuka)
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1. What are QEII covenants
Conserved blocks of native bush or wetland, usually within sheep and beef farms, fenced off from livestock and gifted to the trust
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1. The forest cover of NZ after settlers
Before Maori settlers, 75% of NZ was covered in forest (rest of land was unsuitable for forest growth). When Europeans settled forest cover was 53%. Today forest cover is 24%.
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1. Burning the forest
1840 - forests burned for farmland development. 1920 farmland area reached the peak. Burning of forest cause soils to lose fertility
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1. NZ current livestock
30mil sheep, 3.8mil beef cattle, 6.7mil dairy cattle, 1mil deer, 300,000 pigs
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1. What percentage of NZ’s land area is used for pastoral farming
40%
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1. What percentage of NZ's land area is used for cropping and hort
1.8%
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1. What percentage of NZ's land area is exotic forest
7.5%
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1. What percentage of NZ's land area is tussock grassland
8.6%
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1. What percentage of NZ's land area is urban
0.85%
15
1. What percentage NZ export earnings are from primary industries and dairying
Over 50% for primary, 25% for dairying
16
1. The value of everything
Efficient price for a resource = marginal cost of supplying the resource + marginal cost of any lost ecological functions + the marginal cost of any co-lateral pollution + the marginal cost of lost future options + the marginal cost of lost existence and bequest value
17
1. Pastoralism
Moa hunted to extinction 400yrs ago so Maori confined to coastal sites (fish, shellfish, sea mammals) and inland waterways (freshwater mussels, eels) and productive land was cleared and gardened (kumara, taro, yams, green vege, potato)
18
1. European arrival waves
1st wave - miners (whalers, sealers, timber, amber, gold), 2nd wave - settlers
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1. European agricultural technology
Cereal crops, ruminants, legumes. Early adoption of new technology by Maori farmers.
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1. What crop was sown after burning and what was exported back to Europe
Cocksfoot sown and persists. Seed exported back to Europe
21
1. The wheat boom
Lowland tussock ploughed in Marlborough, canterbury, Otago, southland 1860-1910. 1890 - 250,000ha wheat sown (20% of export earnings)
22
1. Advent of refrigeration
Saved meat industry (access high prices for products overseas). Development of mixed farming (crop, sheep and cattle). First ship of refrigerated meat from dunedin in 1882
23
1. Seed mixes following forest burn
Used many species because they didn't know which would successfully establish. Legumes to introduce nitrogen, high fertility species to use initial nutrient flush, low fertility species to colonize poorer sites.
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1. Origin of agricultural plant species
Europe - ryegrasses, tall fescue, cocksfoot, white and red clover, browntop, Yorkshire fog
Asia - wheat, rye, lucerne
Mediterranean - phalaris, subterranean clover, barley, peas
Central/South America - maize, potatoes, kumara, brome grasses, paspalum
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1. The bulk of production comes from...
Animals (5) - sheep, cattle, chicken, deer, pig. Plants (40) - pasture species, pine & douglas fir, wheat and other cereals, potatoes and other veges, fruit trees
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1. Auckland Acclimation society
Released 30 birds, fish and animals in first year. Not all were approved such as weasels, ferrets and stoats to control rabbits. ~25,000 plants species introduced. ~2,000 naturalized
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1. Weed introductions
Gorse and broom deliberately introduced as hedging material. Blackberry and sweet brier deliberately introduced as vitamin C sources. Hay and stock feed from South Africa were contaminants of other seeds or produce
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1. Origins of some weed species
Asia - barberry, Himalayan honeysuckle
Australia - sheeps' burr, wild linen, hakea
South Africa - kikuyu grass, cape weed, boxthorn
South America - nassella tussock, tradescantia, onehunga weed
North America - lodgepole pine, californian poppy, californian thistle, tree lupin, musk
Europe - gorse, broom, dead nettle, buttercup, ragwort, couch grass
Eurasia - shepherds purse, plantain, dock, flannel leaf
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1. Legume based pastures
Mutualistic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria. Fixes nitrogen 50-150kgN/ha/year. Highly digestible. High protein and cation content
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